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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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01 Foreword

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

For more than 100 years cargoes such as grain and coal have been shipped in bulk. However, in recent years there has been a marked development in the variety of bulk cargoes carried by sea and they now constitute a significant proportion of international seaborne trade.

Millions of tonnes of these cargoes - coals, concentrates, grains, fertilizers, animal food- stuffs, minerals and ores - are shipped in bulk by sea every year. While the vast majority of these shipments are made without incident, there have been a number of serious casualties which resulted not only in the loss of the ship but also in loss of life.

The problems involved in the carriage of bulk cargoes were recognized by the delegates to the 1960 International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea but at that time it was not possible to frame detailed requirements except for the carriage of grain cargoes. The Conference did recommend, however, in paragraph 55 of Annex D to the Convention, that an internationally acceptable code of safe practice for the shipment of bulk cargoes should be drawn up under the sponsorship of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This work was undertaken by the Organization's Sub-Committee on Containers and Cargoes and several editions of the "Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes" (BC Code) have been published, the first appearing in 1965.

The carriage of dangerous goods is principally governed by Chapter VII of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, which entered into force on 25 May 1980, superseding the 1960 Convention. A revised chapter VII was adopted by IMO's Maritime Safety Committee in 1983, which amendment entered into force on 1 July 1986. Part A of the revised chapter VII governs the carriage of dangerous goods in both packaged form and in solid form in bulk.
The latest amendments to chapter VII entered into force on 1 February 1992 and 1 January 1994, respectively. The latter amendment also includes a complete revision of chapter VI, which governs solid bulk cargoes in general.

The BC Code itself provides guidance to Administrations, shipowners, shippers and masters on the standards to be applied in the safe stowage and shipment of solid bulk cargoes excluding grain, which is dealt with under separate rules. It includes general advice on the procedures to be followed whenever bulk cargoes are to be shipped, a description of the hazards associated with certain materials, lists of typical materials currently shipped in bulk and details of recommended test procedures to determine various characteristics of solid bulk cargo materials.

The current edition includes completely new descriptions of two test procedures (appendix D) and amendments to appendix B and appendix C.

It should be carefully noted that the list of materials appearing in appendices A, B and C to the Code is by no means exhaustive and the physical properties attributed to them are intended only for guidance. Consequently, before loading any bulk cargo it is essential to ascertain - normally from the shipper - the current physical characteristics and chemical properties of the material.

Since valuable information leading to improvements in this Code may be obtained from voyage reports, it is recommended that masters should be encouraged to notify their Administrations of the behaviour of various types of bulk cargoes and, in particular, to report the circumstances of any incidents involving such materials.

The BC Code is recommended to Governments for adoption or for use as the basis for national regulations in pursuance of their obligations under chapters VI and VII of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended. Those Member States that adopt the Code as a basis for national regulations are invited to advise the Organization accordingly.

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02 Introduction

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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1 The primary aim of this Code is to promote the safe stowage and shipment of bulk cargoes by:
.1 highlighting the dangers associated with the shipment of certain types of bulk cargoes;
.2 giving guidance on the procedures to be adopted when the shipment of bulk cargoes is contemplated;
.3 listing typical materials currently shipped in bulk together with advice on their properties and handling; and
.4 describing test procedures to be employed to determine various characteristics of the bulk cargo materials.

2 Definitions of the terms used throughout this Code are given in section 1.

3 In general, the hazards associated with the shipment of materials may be considered as falling into the following categories:
.1 Structural damage due to improper distribution of the cargo. Advice on this subject will be found in section 2 and appendices B and C.
.2 Loss or reduction of stability during a voyage This usually results from:
.2.1 A shift of cargo in heavy weather due to the cargo having been inadequately trimmed or improperly distributed; (Advice on this subject will be found in sections 2, 5 and 6 and in appendices B, C and D.2.)
.2.2 Cargoes liquefying under the stimulus of vibration and motion of a ship in a seaway and then sliding or flowing to one side of the cargo hold. Such cargoes contain at least a proportion of finely grained material and some moisture (usually water); (Advice on this subject will be found in sections 7 and 8 and in appendices A and D.1.)
.3 Chemical reactions (e.g. emission of toxic or explosive gases, spontaneous combustion or severe corrosive effects). (Advice on these subjects will be found in sections 3 and 9 and in appendices B, D.4, D.5, D.6 and E.)

4 Unless the physical or chemical properties of the materials presented for shipment are available it will be difficult to determine what precautions, if any, should be taken to ensure safe shipment. It is therefore essential that the shipper should provide adequate information about the material to be shipped. Advice on this subject will be found in section 4.

5 The need for all personnel involved to exercise great care in preparation for and during loading or unloading materials and in particular when entering spaces which may be deficient in oxygen, or which may contain toxic gases, is given special mention in section 3 and appendix F.

6 Lists of typical materials currently shipped in bulk, together with advice on their properties and methods of handling, are given in appendices A, B and C. It is emphasized, however, that these lists are not exhaustive and that the properties attributed to the materials are given only for guidance. Consequently, before loading it is essential to obtain currently valid information on the physical and chemical properties of the materials presented for shipment.

7 Details of test procedures, together with advice on methods of sampling to obtain representative samples for test purposes, are given in sections 7 and 8 and appendix D.

8 The laboratory test procedures described are used for determining the following:
.1 the moisture content, flow moisture point and transportable moisture limit of materials which may liquefy;
.2 the angle of repose of granular materials;
.3 the self-sustaining exothermic decomposition of fertilizers containing nitrates (the trough test);
.4 resistance to detonation; and
.5 self-heating of charcoal.

9 It is strongly recommended that these tests are conducted only by suitably trained personnel. In the cases of 8.1 and 8.2 above, auxiliary check tests which may be employed by the ship's personnel are described. These tests should only be used in circumstances where the master doubts whether the condition of the material is such as to ensure safe shipment.

10 An index listing all the materials mentioned in this Code and indicating the appropriate appendix in which further information will be found is given in the Index of Materials at the end of this Code. Again it is emphasized that this list of materials is not exhaustive.

N.B. If a cargo not listed in this Code is offered for bulk carriage, the master should consult the appropriate competent authority for further information.

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Section 01 Definitions

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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1.1 "Angle of repose" - is the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive (i.e. free-flowing) granular material. It is the angle between a horizontal plane and the cone slope of such material.

1.2 "Cargoes which may - are materials which contain at least some fine particles liquefy" and some moisture, usually water, although they need not be visibly wet in appearance. They may liquefy if shipped with a moisture content in excess of their transportable moisture limit.

1.3 "Concentrates" - are materials obtained from a natural ore by a process of purification by physical or chemical separation and removal of unwanted constituents.

1.4 "Cargo space" - is any space in the ship appropriated for the carriage of cargo.

1.5 "Flow moisture point" - is the percentage moisture content (wet mass basis) at which a flow state develops under the prescribed method of test in a representative sample of the material (see appendix D.1).

1.6 "Flow state" - is a state that occurs when a mass of granular material is saturated with liquid to an extent that, under the influence of prevailing external forces such as vibration, impaction or ship's motion, it loses its internal shear strength and behaves as a liquid.

1.7 "Incompatible materials" - are those materials that may react dangerously when mixed. They are subject to the segregation requirements of 9.3 and the individual entries in appendix B.

1.8 "Moisture content" - is that portion of a representative sample consisting of water, ice or other liquid * expressed as a percentage of the total wet mass of that sample.

1.9 "Moisture migration" - is the movement of moisture contained in materials by settling and consolidation of the material due to vibration and ship's motion. Water is progressively displaced, which may result in some portions or all of the materials developing a flow state.

1.10 "Representative test sample" - is a sample of sufficient quantity for the purpose of testing physical and chemical properties of the consignment to meet specified requirements. It should be collected by means of an appropriate systematic sampling procedure (see 4.3).

1.11 "Shipper" - for the purposes of this Code the term shipper means any person by whom or in whose name or on whose behalf a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a carrier, or any person by whom or in whose name or on whose behalf the goods are actually delivered to the carrier in relation to the contract of carriage by sea.

1.12 "Solid bulk cargo" - is any material, other than liquid or gas, consisting of a combination of particles, granules or any larger pieces of material, generally uniform in composition, which is loaded directly into the cargo spaces of a ship without any intermediate form of containment.

1.13 "Stowage factor" - is the figure which expresses the number of cubic metres which one tonne of material will occupy.

1.14 "Transportable - of a cargo which may liquefy represents the maximum moisture moisture limit" content of the material which is considered safe for carriage in ships not complying with the special provisions of 7.2.2 and 7.2.3. It is derived from the flow moisture point (flow table test, appendix D.1) or from data obtained from other test methods approved by the appropriate authority of the port State as being equally reliable.

1.15 "Trimming" - for the purposes of this Code, "trimming" means any levelling of the material within a cargo space, either partial or total, by means of loading spouts or chutes, portable machinery, equipment or manual labour.

* Procedures given in this Code apply only to the usual cases wherein the moisture consists almost entirely of water or ice.

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Section 02 General precautions

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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2.1 Cargo distribution

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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2.1.1 General

2.1.1.1 It is very important to ensure that bulk cargoes are properly distributed throughout the ship in order that the structure will never be overstressed and that the ship will have an adequate standard of stability. To do this effectively, however, the master needs to be provided, by the shipper, with adequate information about the material to be shipped, e.g. stowage factor, history of shifting, any particular problems, etc.

2.1.2 To prevent the structure being overstressed

2.1.2.1 When loading a high-density bulk cargo having a stowage factor of about 0.56 m3/t or lower, the loaded conditions are different from those found normally and it is important to pay particular attention to the distribution of weights so as to avoid excessive stresses. A general cargo ship is normally constructed to carry materials of about 1.39 to 1.67 m 3/ t when loaded to full bale cubic and deadweight capacity. Because of the high density of some materials, it is possible, by improper distribution of loading, to stress very highly either the structure locally under the load or the entire hull. It is not practicable to set out exact rules for the distribution of loading in all ships since the structural arrangements may vary greatly. It is therefore recommended that the master be provided with sufficiently comprehensive loading information to enable him to arrange the loading aboard his ship so as not to overstress the structure. In general, masters should be guided by the loading information provided in the ship's stability information booklet and by the results obtained by the use of loading calculators, if available.

2.1.2.2 When detailed information is not available for high-density bulk materials, then the following precautions are recommended:

.1 the general fore and aft distribution of materials by mass should not differ appreciably from that found satisfactory for general cargoes;
.2 the maximum number of tonnes of material loaded in any cargo space should not exceed
0.9 LBD tonnes (2.1.2.2.2)
where
L = length of the hold in metres
B = average breadth of the hold in metres
D = summer load draught in metres;
.3 where material is untrimmed or only partially trimmed the corresponding height of material pile peak above the cargo space floor should not exceed
1.1 X D X stowage factor (2.1.2.2.3)
where the stowage factor is given in cubic metres per tonne;
.4 if the material is trimmed entirely level, the maximum number of tonnes of material loaded in any lower hold cargo space may be increased by 20% over the amount calculated by formula (2.1.2.2.2), subject, however, to full compliance with 2.1.2.2.1; and
.5 because of the stiffening effect of a shaft tunnel on the ship's bottom, lower hold cargo spaces abaft the machinery space may be loaded somewhat more deeply than provided for in 2.1.2.2.2, 2.1.2.2.3 and 2.1.2.2.4, up to about 10% in excess, provided that such additional loading is consistent with 2.1.2.2.1.
2.1.3 To aid stability

2.1.3.1 Having regard to regulation 11-1/22.1 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended, a stability information booklet should be provided aboard all ships which are subject to that Convention. Where materials referred to in this Code, and requiring any of the loading and operational precautions specified therein, are to be carried, the information supplied to the master should include all necessary data relative thereto. The master should be able to calculate the stability for the anticipated worst conditions during the voyage as well as that on departure and show that the stability is adequate.

2.1.3.2 In general, high-density materials should normally be loaded in the lower hold cargo spaces rather than in 'tween-deck cargo spaces.

2.1.3.3 When, however, it is necessary to carry high-density materials in 'tween-decks or higher cargo spaces, care should be exercised to ensure that the deck area is not overstressed and that the ship's stability is not reduced below the minimum acceptable level as laid down in the ship's stability information booklet supplied to the master.

2.1.3.4 In transport of high-density material, a particularly careful evaluation should be made of the consequences of sailing with an excessively high GM with consequential violent movement in a seaway.

2.1.3.5 Shifting divisions and bins, of adequate strength, should be erected whenever bulk materials which are suspected of readily shifting are carried in 'tween-deck cargo spaces or only partially fill a cargo space.

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2.2 Loading and unloading

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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2.2.1 Before loading, the cargo spaces should be inspected and prepared for the particular material which it is intended to load.

2.2.2 The master should ensure that bilge lines, sounding pipes and other service lines within the cargo space are in good order. Because of the velocity at which some high-density bulk materials are loaded into the cargo space, special care may be necessary to protect cargo space fittings from damage. For this reason it is also prudent to sound bilges after the completion of loading.

2.2.3 Attention is particularly drawn to bilge wells and strainer plates, which should be specially prepared to facilitate drainage and to prevent entry of the materials into the bilge system.

2.2.4 The master is advised that precautions should be taken to minimize the extent to which dust may come into contact with the moving parts of deck machinery and external navigational aids.

2.2.5 Wherever possible, ventilation systems should be shut down or screened and air conditioning systems, if any, placed on recirculation during loading or discharge, in order to minimize the entry of dust into the living quarters or other interior spaces of the ship.

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Section 03 Safety of personnel and ship

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.1 General requirements

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.1.1 Prior to and during loading, transport and discharge of bulk materials, all necessary safety precautions, including any appropriate national regulations or requirements, should be observed.

3.1.2 Advice on medical matters is given in the IMO/WHO/ILO Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (MFAG). A copy of the MFAG should be on board each ship.

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3.2 Poisoning, corrosive and asphyxiation hazards

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.2.1 Certain bulk materials are liable to oxidation, which in turn may result in oxygen reduction, emission of toxic fumes and self-heating. Others may not oxidize but may emit toxic fumes, particularly when wet. There are also materials which, when wetted, are corrosive to skin, eyes and mucous membranes or to the ship's structure. In these cases, particular attention should be paid to personal protection and the need for special precautions and measures to be taken prior to loading and after unloading.

3.2.2 It is important, therefore, that the shipper informs the master prior to loading as to whether chemical hazards exist. The master should also refer to appendix B and the necessary precautions, especially those pertaining to ventilation, should be taken.

3.2.3 Shipmasters are warned that cargo spaces and adjacent spaces may be depleted in oxygen or may contain toxic or asphyxiating gases. An empty cargo space or tank which has remained closed for some time may have insufficient oxygen to support life.

3.2.4 Many materials frequently carried in bulk are liable to cause oxygen depletion in a cargo space or tank; these include most vegetable products, grains, timber logs and forest products, ferrous metals, metal sulphide concentrates and coal cargoes.

3.2.5 It is, therefore, essential that entry of personnel into enclosed spaces should not be permitted until tests have been carried out and it has been established that the oxygen content has been restored to a normal level throughout the space and that no toxic gas is present, unless adequate ventilation and air circulation throughout the free space above the material has been effected. It should be remembered that, after a cargo space or tank has been tested and generally found to be safe for entry, small areas may exist where oxygen is deficient or toxic fumes are still present. General precautions and procedures for entering enclosed spaces appear in appendix F and on the Maritime Safety Card. As much publicity as possible should be given to the hazards associated with entry into enclosed spaces. A poster on the subject should be produced. A specimen (reduced format) for such a poster for display on board ships in accommodation or other places, as appropriate, has been included in appendix F.

3.2.6 Then transporting a bulk cargo which is liable to emit a toxic or flammable gas, or cause oxygen depletion in the cargo space, an appropriate instrument for measuring the concentration of gas or oxygen in the cargo space should be provided. *

3.2.7 It should be noted that a flammable gas detector is suitable only for testing the explosive nature of gas mixtures.

3.2.8 Emergency entry into a cargo space should be undertaken only by trained personnel wearing self-contained breathing apparatus, and protective clothing if considered necessary, and always under the supervision of a responsible officer.

* Refer also to MSC/Circ.487 of 6 June 1988, MSC/Circ.556 of 20 June 1991.

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3.3 Health hazards due to dust

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.3.1 To minimize the chronic risks due to exposure to the dust of certain materials carried in bulk, the need for a high standard of personal hygiene of those exposed to the dust cannot be too strongly emphasized. The precautions should include not only the use of appropriate protective clothing and barrier creams when needed but also adequate personal washing and laundering of outer clothing. Although these precautions are good standard practice, they are particularly relevant for those materials identified as toxic by this Code.

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3.4 Flammable atmosphere

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.4.1 Dust created by certain cargoes may constitute an explosion hazard, especially while loading, unloading and cleaning. This risk can be minimized at such times by ensuring that ventilation is sufficient to prevent the formation of a dust-laden atmosphere and by hosing down rather than sweeping.

3.4.2 Some cargoes may emit flammable gases in sufficient quantities to constitute a fire explosion hazard. Where this is indicated in the entries in appendix B, the cargo spaces and adjacent enclosed spaces should be effectively ventilated at all times (see also 9.3.2.1.3 for requirements for mechanical ventilation). It may be necessary to monitor the atmosphere in such spaces by means of combustible-gas indicators. It should be recognized that, in general, combustible-gas measuring instruments are not suitable for checking an atmosphere for the presence of toxic gases.

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3.5 Ventilation

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.5.1. Definitions
For the purpose of this code, ventilation means exchange of air from outside to inside the cargo space to remove any build-up of flammable gases or vapours to a safe point below the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), or for toxic gases, vapours or dust to a level to maintain a safe atmosphere in a cargo space.
For ventilation requirements, the following definitions should be applied:
.1 natural ventilation means ventilation that is not power generated. An air flow is supplied by air ducts and/or other adequately designed openings;
.2 surface ventilation means ventilation only of the space above the cargo;
.3 mechanical ventilation means power generated ventilation; and
.4 continuous ventilation means ventilation that is operating at all times.

3.5.2. Recommendations on ventilation:
.1 when continuous ventilation is required by the entry for the cargo in Appendix B of this Code or by the cargo information provided by the shipper, ventilation should be maintained while the cargo is in the hold;
.2 if maintaining ventilation endangers the ship or the cargo, it may be interrupted unless there is a risk of explosion or other danger due to interruption of the ventilation;
.3 Holds intended for the carriage of cargoes for which continuous ventilation is required, should be provided with ventilation openings which may be kept opened when required. Such openings should comply with the requirements of the Load Line Convention as amended for openings not fitted with means of closure; and
.4 Ventilation should be such that any escaping hazardous gases, vapours or dust cannot reach living quarters. Escaping hazardous gases, vapours or dust should not be able to reach work areas unless adequate precautions are taken (refer to Appendix F).

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3.6 Grain under in-transit fumigation

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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3.6.1 Fumigation should be performed in accordance with the latest version of the Recommendations on the Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships.

3.6.2 A copy of these Recommendations should be on board each ship undergoing in-transit fumigation, for use by ship's personnel.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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4.5.1 It is not practicable at the present time to specify a single method of sampling for all consignments since the character of the material and the form in which it is available will affect the selection of the procedure to be used. Where national or international sampling standards cannot be applied, the following sampling procedure for concentrate stockpiles is recommended as a minimum for determining flow moisture point and moisture content. These procedures are not intended to replace sampling procedures, such as the use of automatic sampling, that achieve equal or superior accuracy of either flow moisture point or moisture content.

4.5.2 Subsamples should be taken in a reasonably uniform pattern, if at all possible from a levelled stockpile. A plan of the stockpile should be drawn and divided into areas, each of which contains approximately 125 t, 250 t or 500 t depending on the amount of concentrate to be shipped. Such a plan will indicate to the sampler the number of subsamples required and from where each is to be taken. Each subsample taken should be drawn from approximately 50 cm below the surface of the designated area.

4.5.3 The number of subsamples and sample size required should be given by the competent authority or determined in accordance with the following scale:

Consignments of less than 15,000 t:
One 200 g subsample should be taken for each 125 t to be shipped.
Consignments of more than 15,000 but less than 60,000 t:
One 200 g subsample should be taken for each 250 t to be shipped.
Consignments in excess of 60,000 t:
One 200 g subsample should be taken for each 500 t to be shipped.
4.5.4 Subsamples for moisture content determination should be placed in sealed containers (such as plastic bags, cans, or small metallic drums) immediately on withdrawal for conveyance to the testing laboratory, where they should be thoroughly mixed in order to obtain a fully representative sample. Where testing facilities are not available at the testing site, such mixing should be done under controlled conditions at the stockpile and the representative sample placed in a sealed container and shipped to the test laboratory.

4.5.5 Basic procedural steps are therefore:
.1 identification of consignment to be sampled;
.2 determination of the number of individual subsamples and representative samples, as described in 4.3.3 and 4.5.3, which are required;
.3 determination of the positions from which to obtain subsamples and the method of combining such subsamples to arrive at a representative sample;
.4 gathering of individual subsamples and placing them in sealed containers;
.5 thorough mixing of subsamples to obtain the representative sample; and
.6 placing the representative sample in a sealed container if it has to be shipped to a test laboratory.

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4.6 Standardized sampling procedures

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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ISO 3081: 1986 - Iron ores - Increment sampling - Manual method
ISO 1988: 1975 - Hard coal - Sampling

-ASTM D 2234 - American Standard Procedures for Sampling Coal

Australian Standards
AS 1676-1975 - Methods for the sampling of hard coal
AS 1141-1974 - Methods for sampling and testing aggregates

-BS 1017: - British Standard methods for sampling of coal
Part 1:1989

-Canadian Standard Sampling Procedure for Concentrate Stockpiles

-European Communities Method of Sampling for the Control of Fertilizers

-JIS M 8100 - Japanese General Rules for Methods of Sampling of Bulk Materials

-Polish Standard Sampling Procedure for:
Iron and Manganese Ores - Ref. No. PN-67/H-04000
Nonferrous Metals - Ref. No. PN-70/H-04900

-Russian Federation Standard Sampling Procedure for the determination of Moisture Content in Ore Concentrates

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Section 05 Trimming procedure

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5.1 General precautions

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5.1.1 To minimize the risk of a bulk material shifting, the cargo should be trimmed reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo space.

5.1.2 Circumstances may occur where the degree of trimming necessary is determined by the properties of the material. These circumstances would be established from the documented history of shipments of such materials. All relevant information, including the trimming practice to be applied, should be supplied in writing to the master by the shipper prior to loading. In any circumstances of doubt, the cargo should be trimmed in accordance with 5.1.1.

5.1.3 Cargo spaces should be filled as full as practicable without resulting in an excessive mass of the material on the bottom structure or 'tween-deck.

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5.2 Specific precautions

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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5.2.1 Ships of 100 m in length or less
The importance of trimming as an effective means of reducing the possibility of a shift of a material can never be overstressed and it is particularly important in ships of 100 m in length or less.

5.2.2 Multi-deck ships

5.2.2.1 When a material is loaded only in lower cargo spaces, it should be trimmed sufficiently to equalize the mass distribution on the bottom structure.

5.2.2.2 When bulk cargoes are carried in 'tween-decks, the hatchways of such 'tween-decks shall be closed in those cases where the loading information indicates an unacceptable level of stress of the bottom structure if the hatchways are left open. The cargo shall be trimmed reasonably level and shall either extend from side to side or be secured by additional longitudinal divisions of sufficient strength. The safe load-carrying capacity of the 'tween-decks shall be observed to ensure that the deck structure is not overloaded. *

5.2.3 Cohesive bulk cargoes
All damp materials and some dry ones possess cohesion (refer to appendices B and C). For cohesive cargoes, the general precautions in subsection 5.1 apply.

5.2.4 Non-cohesive bulk cargoes

5.2.4.1 Bulk cargoes can be categorized for trimming purposes as cohesive or non-cohesive as denoted in appendices B and C. The angle of repose is a characteristic of non-cohesive bulk cargoes which is indicative of cargo stability. Methods for determining the angle of repose are given in section 6.

5.2.4.2 Non-cohesive bulk cargoes having an angle of repose less than or equal to 30°
These materials, which flow freely like grain, should be carried according to the provisions applicable to the stowage of grain cargoes. ** However, account should be taken of the density of the material when determining:
.1 the scantlings and securing arrangements of divisions and bin bulkheads; and
.2 the stability effect of free cargo surfaces.

5.2.4.3 Non-cohesive bulk cargoes having an angle of repose from 30° to 35° inclusive Such cargoes should be trimmed according to the following criteria:
.1 the unevenness of the cargo surface measured as the vertical distance (Δh) between the highest and lowest levels of the cargo surface should not exceed B/10, where B is the beam of the ship in metres, with a maximum allowable Δh = 1.5 m;
.2 where Δh cannot be measured, bulk shipment can also be accepted if loading is carried out with trimming equipment approved by the competent authority.

5.2.4.4 Non-cohesive bulk cargoes having an angle of repose greater than 35°
A material having an angle of repose greater than 35° degrees should be loaded with care, the aim being to distribute the material in a manner which eliminates the formation of wide, steeply sloped voids beyond the trimmed surface within the boundaries of the cargo space. The material should be trimmed to an angle significantly less than the angle of repose.

* Refer also to SOLAS 1974 as amended, Chapter VI, regulation 7.2 (entry into force 1 January 1984) See resolution MSC.22(59).
** Refer to chapter VI of SOLAS 1974, as amended, and the mandatory International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk.

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Section 06 Methods of determining the angle of repose

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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6.1 There are various alternative methods in use to determine the angle of repose for non-cohesive bulk materials and two common methods are listed below for information.
.1 "Tilting box method". This laboratory test method is suitable for non-cohesive granular materials having a grain size not greater than 10 ‡o. It is not appropriate for cohesive materials (all damp and some dry materials). A full description of the equipment and procedure is given in D.2.1 of appendix D.
.2 "Shipboard test method". In the absence of a tilting box apparatus, an alternative procedure for determining the approximate angle of repose is given in D.2.2 of appendix D.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

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9.1 General

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9.1.1 Solid materials transported in bulk which can present a hazard during transport because of their chemical nature or properties are listed in appendix B. Some of these materials are classified as dangerous goods in the "International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" (IMDG Code), others are materials which may cause hazards when transported in bulk (MHB).

9.1.2 It is important to note that this list of materials is not exhaustive. It is there for essential to obtain currently valid information about the physical and chemical properties of the materials to be shipped in bulk prior to loading whenever such shipment is contemplated. When materials not listed in appendix B are carried which fall within the classification of

9.2.2, the ship concerned should carry evidence of the approval of the competent authority for their transport.

9.1.3 Where consultation with the competent authority is required prior to bulk shipment of a material, it is equally important to consult authorities at the ports of loading and discharge concerning requirements which may be in force.

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9.2 Classes of hazard

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

9.2.1 The classification of materials possessing chemical hazards and intended to be shipped in bulk under the requirements of this Code should be in accordance with 9.2.2 and 9.2.3.

9.2.2 Classification
Chapter VII of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended, sets out the various classes of dangerous goods. For the purpose of this Code it has been found more convenient to designate these classes in accordance with the IMDG Code and to define in greater detail the materials which would fall within each class. Additionally, "materials hazardous only in bulk" (MHB) are defined in this section.

9.2.2.1 Class 4.1: Flammable solids
These materials possess the properties of being easily ignited by external sources such as sparks and flames and of being readily combustible or of being liable to cause or con-tribute to fire through friction.

9.2.2.2 Class 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion.
These materials possess the common property of being liable to heat spontaneously and to ignite.

9.2.2.3 Class 4.3: Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases.
These materials possess the common property, when in contact with water, of evolving flammable gases. In some cases these gases are liable to spontaneous ignition.

9.2.2.4 Class 5.1: Oxidizing substances (agents)
These materials, although in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, either by yielding oxygen or by similar processes, increase the risk and intensity of fire in other materials with which they come into contact.

9.2.2.5 Class 6.1: Toxic substances
These materials are liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed or inhaled, or by skin contact.

9.2.2.6 Class 6.2: Infectious substances
These materials contain viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known or suspected to cause disease in animals or humans.

9.2.2.7 Class 7: Radioactive materials
These materials spontaneously emit a significant radiation. Their specific activity is greater than 70 kBq/kg (2 nCi/g).

9.2.2.8 Class 8: Corrosives
These materials possess in their original state the common property of being able more or less severely to damage living tissue.

9.2.2.9 Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles.
These materials present a hazard not covered by other classes.

9.2.3 Materials hazardous only in bulk (MHB)
These materials, when carried in bulk, present sufficient hazards to require specific precautions.
For example, materials which are liable to reduce the oxygen content in a cargo space and those materials liable to self-heating or which become hazardous when wet are regarded as belonging to this group (see also 3.2.3, 3.2.4 and 3.2.5).

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9.3 Stowage and segregation requirements

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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9.3.1 General requirements

9.3.1.1 The potential hazards of the materials listed in appendix B and falling within the classification of 9.2.2 and 9.2.3 entail the need for segregation of incompatible materials.

9.3.1.2 In addition to general segregation as between whole classes of materials, there may be a need to segregate a particular material from others which would contribute to its hazard. In the case of segregation from combustible materials this should be understood not to include packaging material, ceiling or dunnage; the latter should in these circumstances be kept to a minimum.

9.3.1.3 For the purpose of segregating incompatible materials, the words "hold" and "compartment" are deemed to mean a cargo space enclosed by steel bulkheads or shell plating and by steel decks. The boundaries of such a space should be resistant to fire and liquid.

9.3.1.4 When two or more different incompatible materials are to be transported in bulk, the segregation between them should be at least equivalent to that described under "separated from" (see 9.3.4).

9.3.1.5 Where different grades of a material are transported in bulk in the same cargo space, the most stringent segregation provisions applicable to any of the different grades should apply to all of them.

9.3.1.6 When materials in bulk and dangerous goods in packaged form are to be transported, the segregation between them should be at least equivalent to that described in 9.3.3.

9.3.1.7 Incompatible materials should not be handled simultaneously. In particular, contamination of foodstuffs should be avoided. Upon completion of loading one such material, the hatch covers of every cargo space containing it should be closed and the decks cleaned of residue before loading of other materials is commenced. When discharging, the same procedures should be followed.

9.3.1.8 To avoid contamination, a material which is indicated as toxic should be stowed "separated from" all foodstuffs (see 9.3.4).

9.3.1.9 Materials which may evolve toxic gases in sufficient quantities to affect health should not be stowed in those spaces from where such gases may penetrate into living quarters, work areas, or ventilation systems.

9.3.1.10 Materials which present corrosive hazards of such intensity as to affect either human tissue or the ship's structure should only be loaded after adequate precautions and protecting measures have been taken.

9.3.1.11 After discharge of a material for which toxicity is indicated, spaces used for its transport should be inspected for contamination. A space which has been contaminated should be properly cleaned and examined before being used for other cargoes, especially foodstuffs.

9.3.1.12 After discharge of materials, a close inspection should be made for any residue which should be removed before the ship is presented for other cargo; such an inspection is particularly important when materials having corrosive properties have been transported.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 31-05-2000

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9.3.2 Special requirements

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

9.3.2.1 Materials of classes 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3

9.3.2.1.1 Materials of these classes should be kept as cool and dry as reasonably practicable and should be stowed clear of all sources of heat or ignition.

9.3.2.1.2 Electrical fittings and cables should be in good condition and properly safeguarded against short circuits and sparking. Where a bulkhead is required to be suitable for segregation purposes, cable and conduit penetrations of the decks and bulkheads should be sealed against the passage of gas and vapour.

9.3.2.1.3 Materials liable to give off vapours or gases which can form an explosive mixture with air should be stowed in a mechanically ventilated space.

9.3.2.1.4 Prohibition of smoking in dangerous areas should be enforced, and clearly legible "NO SMOKING" signs should be displayed.

9.3.2.2 Materials of class 5.1

9.3.2.2.1 Materials of this class should be kept as cool and dry as reasonably practicable and should be stowed clear of all sources of heat or ignition. They should also be stowed "separated from" other combustible materials.

9.3.2.2.2 Before loading materials of this class, particular attention should be paid to the cleaning of the cargo spaces into which they will be loaded. As far as reasonably practicable, non-combustible securing and protecting materials and only a minimum of dry wooden dunnage should be used.

9.3.2.2.3 Precautions should be taken to avoid the penetration of oxidizing materials into other cargo spaces, bilges, etc.

9.3.2.3 Materials of class 7

9.3.2.3.1 Cargo spaces used for the transport of Low Specific Activity Materials (LSA-I) and Surface Contaminated Objects (SCO-I) should not be used for other cargoes until decontaminated by a qualified person such that the non-fixed contamination on any surface when averaged over an area of 300cm² does not exceed the following levels:

4 Bq/cm² ( 10^{- 4} micro Ci/cm²)	for beta and gamma emitters and the low-toxicity alpha emitters; natural uranium; natural thorium; uranium-235 or uranium-238; thorium-232; thorium-228 and thorium-230 when contained in ores, physical or chemical concentrates; radionuclides with a half-life of less than 10 days; and
0.4 Bq/cm² ( 10^{- 5} Ci/cm²)	for all other alpha emitters.

9.3.2.4 Materials of class 8 or materials having similar properties

9.3.2.4.1 These materials should be kept as dry as reasonably practicable.

9.3.2.4.2 Before loading these materials, attention should be paid to the cleaning of the cargo spaces into which they will be loaded and in particular whether these spaces are dry.

9.3.2.4.3 Penetration of these materials into other cargo spaces, bilges, wells and between the ceiling boards should be prevented.

9.3.2.4.4 Particular attention should be paid to the cleaning of the cargo spaces after unloading, as residues of these cargoes may be highly corrosive to the ship's structure. Hosing down of the cargo spaces followed by careful drying is preferred.

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9.3.3

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

Segregation between bulk materials possessing chemical hazards and dangerous goods in packaged form Unless otherwise required in this section or in the individual entries in appendix B, segregation between bulk materials and dangerous goods in packaged form should be in accordance with the following table. For packaged dangerous goods the individual schedules of the IMDG Code should be consulted for additional requirements with regard to stowage and segregation.

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9.3.4

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

Segregation between incompatible bulk materials possessing chemical hazards. Unless otherwise required in this section or in the individual entries in appendix B, segregation between incompatible bulk materials possessing chemical hazards should be according to the following table:

Numbers relate to the following segregation terms:

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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Appendix A List of bulk materials which may liquefy

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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1 General

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

A.1.1 This appendix lists materials which may liquefy if shipped at a moisture content in excess of their transportable moisture limit.

A.1.2 It should be carefully noted that this list of materials is not exhaustive and that there are no physical or chemical properties attributed to them. Consequently, whenever the shipment of a bulk cargo is contemplated, it is essential to obtain currently valid information about its physical properties prior to loading.

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2 Mineral concentrates

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

A.2.1 Varying terminology exists to describe mineral concentrates. All known terms are listed below but the list is not exhaustive.

A.2.2 The stowage factor of these materials is generally low: from 0.33m³/t to 0.57m³/t.

BLENDE (zinc sulphide)	LEAD SULPHIDE (galena)
CHALCOPYRITE	MAGNETITE
COPPER NICKEL	MAGNETITE-TACONITE
COPPER ORE CONCENTRATE	MANGANIC CONCENTRATE
COPPER PRECIPITATES	(manganese)
GALENA (lead sulphide)	NEFELINE SYENITE (mineral)
ILMENITE ("dry" and "moist")	NICKEL ORE CONCENTRATE
IRON ORE CONCENTRATE	PENTAHYDRATE CRUDE
IRON ORE (magnetite)	PYRITE
IRON ORE (pellet feed)	PYRITES (cupreous)
IRON ORE (sinter feed)	PYRITES (fine)
IRON PYRITES	PYRITES (flotation)
LEAD AND ZINC CALCINES (mixed)	PYRITES (sulphur)
LEAD AND ZINC MIDDLINGS	PYRITIC ASHES (iron)
LEAD ORE CONCENTRATE	PYRITIC CINDERS
LEAD ORE RESIDUE	SILVER LEAD ORE CONCENTRATE
LEAD SILVER ORE	SLIG (iron ore)
LEAD SULPHIDE	ZINC AND LEAD CALCINES
ZINC AND LEAD MIDDLINGS	ZINC SINTER
ZINC ORE CONCENTRATE	ZINC SLUDGE
ZINC ORE (burnt ore)	ZINC SULPHIDE
ZINC ORE (calamine)	ZINC SULPHIDE (blende)
ZINC ORE (crude)

A.2.3 When loading the above materials, reference should also be made to the entry "METAL SULPHIDE CONCENTRATES" in appendix B.

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3 Other materials

A.3.1 Many fine-particled materials, if possessing a sufficiently high moisture content, are liable to flow. Thus any damp or wet cargo containing a proportion of fine particles should be tested for flow characteristics prior to loading.

A.3.2 Fish in bulk can act as a cargo which may liquify and when proposed for carriage in bulk in a cargo ship, the competent authority should be consulted. The Code of Safety for Fishermen, Part B, provides useful information on this subject.

A3.3 Peat moss in bulk, due to the natural high water content, can act as a cargo which may liquefy as well as cause excess hydrostatic pressure on cargo hold bulkheads. Peat moss with a moisture content of more 65% by weight should only be carried on a specially fitted or constructed cargo ships (see 7.2.2 to 7.2.4).

A.3.4 The list below contains materials (other than the mineral concentrates listed in paragraph A2.2) that have been reported as capable of attaining a flow state and is not exhaustive. Material Approximate stowage factor (m/t)CALCINED PYRITES (See also appendix B) 0.43COAL (fine-particled) (See also appendix B)COAL SLURRY (watery silt, material normally under 1 mm in size)0.98 to 1.15COKE BREEZE (See also appendix C) FISH1.8

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 03-06-1999

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Appendix B List of bulk materials possessing chemicals hazards

1 This appendix lists materials which were known at the time of publication to be carried in bulk and which possess a chemical hazard which could give rise to a dangerous situation on board ship.

2 It should be carefully noted that this list of products is not exhaustive and that the physical and chemical properties attributed to them are for guidance only. Consequently, whenever the shipment of such bulk materials is contemplated, it is essential to obtain currently valid information about its physical and chemical properties prior to loading.

3 In circumstances where consultation with the competent authority is required prior to bulk shipment of materials, it is equally important to consult authorities at the ports of loading and discharge concerning requirements which may be in force.

4 Where required, the "Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods" (MFAG) should be consulted prior to loading.

5 The following materials are non-cohesive when dry:
AMMONIUM NITRATE
AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZERS TYPE A AND B
CASTOR BEANS
POTASSIUM NITRATE
SODIUM NITRATE
SODIUM NITRATE AND POTASSIUM NITRATE, MIXTURE
Prior to completion of loading, the angle of repose of the materials to be loaded should be determined (see section 6) so as to determine which provisions of the Code relating to trimming apply (see section 5).

6 All other materials listed in this appendix are cohesive and use of angle of repose is, therefore, not appropriate. Materials not listed should be treated as cohesive until otherwise shown.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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01 ALUMINIUM PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.31704.3725**0.82B1
Aluminium processing by-products are wastes from the aluminium manufacturing process. The term encompasses various different waste materials which include but are not limited to:

Aluminium Ashes
Aluminium Dross
Aluminium Potlining
Aluminium Residues
Aluminium Saltslag
Aluminium Skimmings
Pot Skimmings
Spent Cathodes
Spent Potliner
Waste Cathodes
Properties
Grey or black powder or lumps with some metallic inclusions. Contact with water may cause heating with possible evolution of flammable and toxic gases such as hydrogen, ammonia and acetylene.

Observations
Hot or wet material should not be loaded. Prior to loading, a certificate should be provided by the manufacturer or shipper stating that the material was stored under cover, but exposed to the weather in the particle size in which it is to be shipped, for not less than three days prior to shipment.

Segregation and stowage requirements
Segregation as required for class 4.3 materials.
"Separated from" foodstuffs.
"Separated from" all class 8 liquids.

Special requirements
The cargo spaces should be ventilated by at least two separate fans which should be either explosion-proof or arranged so that the escaping gas flow is separated from electrical cables and components. The total ventilation should be at least six air changes per hour, based on the empty space. Ventilation should be such that any escaping gases cannot reach living quarters on or under the deck.

Bulkheads to the engine-room should be gastight. Inadvertent pumping through machinery spaces should be avoided.

At least two self-contained breathing apparatuses additional to those required by regulation II-2/17 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended, should be provided.

At least two suitable explosimeters capable of detecting flammable gases should be on board. The measurements should be recorded and the information kept on board.

The cargo should be protected from precipitation during handling operations and be kept as dry as reasonably practicable.

Whilst the ship is alongside and cargo hatches to holds containing aluminium processing by-products are closed, the mechanical ventilation is to be operated continuously.

During loading, "NO SMOKING" signs are to be posted on decks and in areas adjacent to cargo compartments.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** Refer to paragraph 6.1.1 (Asphyxia) of the MFAG.

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02 ALUMINIUM FERROSILICON, powder * (including briquettes)

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.13954.3601,605B2
Properties
In contact with water may evolve hydrogen, a flammable gas which may form explosive mixtures with air. Impurities may, under similar circumstances, produce phosphine and arsine, which are highly toxic gases.

Observations
Prior to loading, a certificate should be provided by the manufacturer or shipper stating that, after manufacture, the material was stored under cover, but exposed to the weather in the particle size in which it is to be shipped, for not less than three days prior to shipment.

Segregation and stowage requirements
"Separated from" foodstuffs and all class 8 liquids. Only to be loaded under dry weather conditions. Keep as dry as reasonably practicable. To be stowed in a mechanically ventilated space.

Special requirements
The cargo spaces should be ventilated by at least two separate fans. The total ventilation should be at least six air changes per hour, based on the empty space. Ventilation should be such that any escaping gases cannot reach living quarters on or under the deck. Bulkheads to the engine-room should be gastight and should be inspected and approved by the competent authority. At least two self-contained breathing apparatuses additional to those required by regulation II-2/17 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended, should be provided. At least two suitable detectors for quantitative measurements of phosphine and arsine should be on board. The measurements should be recorded and the information kept on board.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.

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03 ALUMINIUM NITRATE *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.14385.1235135
Properties
If involved in a fire will greatly intensify the burning of combustible materials and will yield toxic nitrous fumes.
Although non-combustible, mixtures with combustible material are easily ignited and may burn fiercely.

Segregation and stowage requirements
"Separated from" foodstuffs.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.14665.1120B5
Properties
Toxic if swallowed or by dust inhalation. If involved in a fire will greatly intensify the burning of combustible materials and will yield toxic nitrous fumes. Although non-combustible, mixtures with combustible material are easily ignited and may burn fiercely.

Segregation and stowage requirements
"Separated from" foodstuffs.

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

(See also appendix A)

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.010MHB311,6160.79 to 1.53B14
Properties and characteristics
1 Coals may emit methane, a flammable gas. A methane/air mixture containing between 5 % and 16 % methane constitutes an explosive atmosphere which can be ignited by sparks or naked flame, e.g. electrical or frictional sparks, a match or lighted cigarette. Methane is lighter than air and may, therefore, accumulate in the upper region of the cargo space or other enclosed spaces. If the cargo space boundaries are not tight, methane can seep through into spaces adjacent to the cargo space.

2 Coals may be subject to oxidation leading to depletion of oxygen and an increase in carbon dioxide in the cargo space (see also section 3 and appendix F).

3 Some coals may be liable to self-heating that could lead to spontaneous combustion in the cargo space. Flammable and toxic gases, including carbon monoxide, may be produced. Carbon monoxide is an odourless gas, slightly lighter than air, and has flammable limits in air of 12 % to 75 % by volume. It is toxic by inhalation with an affinity for blood haemoglobin over 200 times that of oxygen.

4 Some coals may be liable to react with water and produce acids which may cause corrosion. Flammable and toxic gases; including hydrogen, may be produced. Hydrogen is an odourless gas, much lighter than air, and has flammable limits in air of 4 % to 75 % by volume.

Segregation and stowage requirements
1 Boundaries of cargo spaces where materials are carried should be resistant to fire and liquids.

2 Coals should be "separated from" goods of classes 1 (division 1.4), 2, 3, 4, and 5 in packaged form (see IMDG Code) and "separated from" solid bulk materials of classes 4 and 5.1.

3 Stowage of goods of class 5.1 in packaged form or solid bulk materials of class 5.1 above or below a coal cargo should be prohibited.

4 Coals should be "separated longitudinally by an intervening complete compartment or hold from"*** goods of class 1 other than division 1.4.

General requirements for all coals
1 Prior to loading, the shipper or his appointed agent should provide in writing to the master the characteristics of the cargo and the recommended safe handling procedures for loading and transport of the cargo. As a minimum, the cargo's contract specifications for moisture content, sulphur content and size should be stated, and especially whether the cargo may be liable to emit methane or self-heat.

2 The master should be satisfied that he has received such information prior to accepting the cargo. If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to emit methane or self-heat, the master should additionally refer to the "Special precautions".

3 Before and during loading, and while the material remains on board, the master should observe the following:
.1 All cargo spaces and bilge wells should be clean and dry. Any residue of waste material or previous cargo should be removed, including removable cargo battens, before loading.
.2 All electrical cables and components situated in cargo spaces and adjacent spaces should be free from defects. Such cables and electrical components should be safe for use in an explosive atmosphere or positively isolated.
.3 The ship should carry on board appropriate instruments for measuring the following without requiring entry into the cargo space:

.3.1 concentration of methane in the atmosphere;
.3.2 concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere;
.3.3 concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere; and
.3.4 pH value of cargo hold bilge samples. These instruments should be regularly serviced and calibrated. Ship personnel should be trained in the use of such instruments. Details of gas measurement procedures are given in appendix G.
.4 It is recommended that means be provided for measuring the temperature of the cargo in the range 0-100°C. Such arrangements should enable the temperature of the coal to be measured while being loaded and during the voyage without requiring entry into the cargo space.
.5 The ship should carry on board the self-contained breathing apparatus required by SOLAS regulation II- 2/17. The self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn only by personnel trained in its use (see also section 3 and appendix F).
.6 Smoking and the use of naked flames should not be permitted in the cargo areas and adjacent spaces and appropriate warning notices should be posted in conspicuous places. Burning, cutting, chipping, welding or other sources of ignition should not be permitted in the vicinity of cargo spaces or in other adjacent spaces, unless the space has been properly ventilated and the methane gas measurements indicate it is safe to do so.
.7 The master should ensure that the coal cargo is not stowed adjacent to hot areas.
.8 Prior to departure the master should be satisfied that the surface of the material has been trimmed reasonably level to the boundaries of the cargo space to avoid the formation of gas pockets and to prevent air from permeating the body of the coal. Casings leading into the cargo space should be adequately sealed, The shipper should ensure that the master receives the necessary co-operation from the loading terminal (see also section 5).
.9 The atmosphere in the space above the cargo in each cargo space should be regularly monitored for the presence of methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide. Details of gas monitoring procedures are given in appendix G. Records of these readings should be maintained. The frequency of the testing should depend upon the information provided by the shipper and the information obtained through the analysis of the atmosphere in the cargo space.
.10 Unless expressly directed otherwise, all holds should be surface ventilated for the first 12 hours after departure from the loading port. During this period, one measurement should be taken from one sample point per hold. If after 24 hours the methane concentrations are at an acceptably low level, the ventilators should be closed. If not, they should remain open until acceptably low levels are obtained. In either event measurements should be continued on a daily basis. If significant concentrations of methane subsequently occur in unventilated holds the appropriate special precautions as described in section 2.2.1 should apply.
.11 The master should ensure as far as possible that any gases which may be emitted from the materials do not accumulate in adjacent enclosed spaces.
.12 The master should ensure that enclosed working spaces, e.g. storerooms, carpenter's shop, passage ways, tunnels, etc., are regularly monitored for the presence of methane, oxygen and carbon monoxide. Such spaces should be adequately ventilated.
.13 Regular hold bilge testing should be systematically carried out. If the pH monitoring indicates that a corrosion risk exists, the master should ensure that all bilges are kept dry during the voyage in order to avoid possible accumulation of acids on tank tops and in the bilge system.
.14 If the behaviour of the cargo during the voyage differs from that specified in the cargo declaration, the master should report such differences to the shipper. Such reports will enable the shipper to maintain records on the behaviour of the coal cargoes, so that the information provided to the master can be reviewed in the light of transport experience.
.15 The Administration may approve alternative requirements to those recommended in this schedule.

Special precautions
1 Coals emitting methane
If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to emit methane or analysis of the atmosphere in the cargo space indicates the presence of methane in excess of 20% of the lower explosive limit (LEL), the following additional precautions should be taken:

.1 Adequate surface ventilation should be maintained. On no account should air be directed into the body of the coal as air could promote self-heating.
.2 Care should be taken to vent any accumulated gases prior to removal of the hatch covers or other openings for any reason, including unloading. Cargo hatches and other openings should be opened carefully to avoid creating sparks. Smoking and the use of naked flame should be prohibited.
.3 Personnel should not be permitted to enter the cargo space or enclosed adjacent spaces unless the space has been ventilated and the atmosphere tested and found to be gas-free and to have sufficient oxygen to support life. If this is not possible, emergency entry into the space should be undertaken only by trained personnel wearing self-contained breathing apparatus, under the supervision of a responsible officer. In addition, special precautions to ensure that no source of ignition is carried into the space should be observed (see also section 3 and appendix F).
.4 The master should ensure that enclosed working spaces, e.g. storerooms, carpenter's shops, passage ways, tunnels, etc., are regularly monitored for the presence of methane. Such spaces should be adequately ventilated and, in the case of mechanical ventilation, only equipment safe for use in an explosive atmosphere should be used. Testing is especially important prior to permitting personnel to enter such spaces or energizing equipment within those spaces. 2 Self-heating coals

.1 If the shipper has advised that the cargo is liable to self-heat, the master should wish to seek confirmation that the precautions intended to be taken and the procedures intended for monitoring the cargo during the voyage are adequate.
.2 If the cargo is liable to self-heat or analysis of the atmosphere in the cargo space indicates an increasing concentration of carbon monoxide, then the following additional precautions should be taken:
.2.1 The hatches should be closed immediately after completion of loading in each cargo space. The hatch covers can also be additionally sealed with a suitable sealing tape. Surface ventilation should be limited to the absolute minimum time necessary to remove methane which may have accumulated. Forced ventilation should not be used. On no account should air be directed into the body of the coal as air could promote self-heating.
.2.2 Personnel should not be allowed to enter the cargo space, unless they are wearing self-contained breathing apparatus and access is critical to the safety of the ship or safety of life. The self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn only by personnel trained in its use (see also section 3 and appendix F).
.2.3 When required by the competent authority, the temperature of the cargo in each cargo space should be measured at regular time intervals to detect self-heating.
.2.4 If at the time of loading, when the hatches are open, the temperature of the coal exceeds 55°C, expert advice should be obtained.
.2.5 If the carbon monoxide level is increasing steadily, a potential self-heating may be developing. The cargo space should be completely closed down and all ventilation ceased. The master should seek expert advice immediately. Water should not be used for cooling the material or fighting coal cargo fires at sea, but may be used for cooling the boundaries of the cargo space.
.2.6 Information to be passed to owners The most comprehensive record of measurements will always be the log used to record daily results. The coal cargo monitoring log for the voyage should be faxed, or the appropriate content should be telexed to the vessel's owners. The following minimum information is essential if an accurate assessment of the situation is to be achieved:
(a) identity of the holds involved; monitoring results covering carbon monoxide, methane and oxygen concentrations;
(b) if available, temperature of coal, location and method used to obtain results;
(c) time gas samples taken (monitoring routine);
(d) time ventilators opened/closed;
(e) quantity of coal in hold(s) involved;
(f) type of coal as per shipper's declaration, and any special precautions indicated on declaration;
(g) date loaded, and ETA at intended discharge port (which should be specified);
(h) comments or observations from the ship's Master.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** Refer to paragraph 6.1.1 (Asphyxia) of the MFAG.
***For the interpretation of the segregation terms see paragraph 9.3.3

Permanente link

15 COPRA, * dry

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.13634.2none2.00B6
Properties
Dried kernels of coconuts, with a penetrating rancid odour which may taint other cargoes. Liable to heat, and to ignite spontaneously. Liable to cause oxygen depletion in the cargo space.

Observations
Refuse shipment when wet.
This substance should preferably have been weathered for not less than one month before shipment unless a certificate from a person recognized by the competent authority of the country of shipment states a maximum moisture content of 5%.

Segregation and stowage requirements
The material should not be stowed against heated surfaces, including fuel oil tanks which may require heating.
Provide good surface ventilation.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.

Permanente link

16 DIRECT REDUCED IRON, DRI *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

(not to be confused with iron sponge, spent) such as lumps, pellets and cold-moulded briquettes

Definitions
"Direct reduced Iron (DRI)" is a metallic material of a manufacturing process formed by the reduction (removal of oxygen) of iron oxide at temperatures below the fusion point of iron. Cold-moulded briquettes should be defined as those which have been moulded at a temperature of under 650 degrees C or which have a density of under 5.0 g/cm³.

BC no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.015MHBnone0.5**B15
Properties
DRI may react with water and air to produce hydrogen and heat. The heat produced may cause ignition. Oxygen in an enclosed space may be depleted.

Lumps and pellets
Average particle size 6 mm to 25 mm with up to 5% fines (under 4 mm).

Cold-moulded briquettes
Approximate maximum dimensions 35 mm to 40 mm.

Segregation and stowage requirements
Boundaries of compartments where DRI is carried should be resistant to fire and passage of water.
"Separated from" goods of classes 1 (division 1.4 S), 2, 3, 4 and 5 and class 8 acids in packaged form (see IMDG Code) and "separated from" solid bulk materials of classes 4 and 5. Goods of class 1, other than division 1.4 S, should not be carried in the same ship.

Special requirements

Certification
A competent person recognized by the national Administration of the country of shipment should certify to the ship's master that the DRI, at the time of loading, is suitable for shipment. Shippers should certify that the material conforms with the requirement of this Code.

Shipper's requirements
Prior to shipment, DRI should be aged for at least 72 hours, or treated with an air passivation technique, or some other equivalent method that reduces the reactivity of the material to at least the same level as the aged product.

A. Shipper should provide necessary specific instructions for carriage, either:
1 maintenance throughout the voyage of cargo spaces under an inert atmosphere containing less than 5% oxygen. The hydrogen content of the atmosphere should be maintained at less than 1% by volume; or
2 that the DRI has been manufactured or treated with an oxidation and corrosion-inhibiting process which has been proved, to the satisfaction of the competent authority, to provide effective protection against dangerous reaction with seawater or air under shipping conditions.

B. The provision of paragraph A above may be waived or varied if agreed to by the competent authorities of the countries concerned, taking into account the sheltered nature, length, duration, or any other applicable conditions of any specific voyage.

Precautions

1 The ship selected should be suitable in all respects for carriage of DRI;

2 Prior to loading:
All cargo spaces should be clean and dry. Bilges should be sift-proof and kept dry during the voyage. Wooden fixtures such as battens, etc., should be removed. Where possible, adjacent ballast tanks, other than double-bottom tanks, should be kept empty. Weatherdeck closures should be inspected and tested to ensure integrity.

3 DRI should not be loaded if material temperature is in excess of 65°C or 150°F.

4 Except as provided for under paragraph A(2) above, any material which is wet or is known to have been wetted should not be accepted for carriage. Materials should be loaded, stowed and transported under dry conditions.

5 Monitoring for the presence of oxygen and hydrogen should be carried out at regular intervals throughout the voyage, recorded, and the information kept on board and made available on request. ***

6 Cargo spaces containing DRI materials may become oxygen- depleted and all due caution should be exercised upon entering such compartments.

7 No smoking, burning, cutting, chipping or other source of ignition should be allowed in the vicinity of cargo spaces containing DRI.

8 Radar and RDF scanners should be adequately protected against dust during loading and discharging operations.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** Briquettes may be less
***Such instrumentation should be suitable for use in an inert atmosphere.

Permanente link

17 DIRECT REDUCED IRON *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

Briquettes, hot-moulded

Definitions
A material emanating from a densification process whereby the direct reduced iron (DRI) feed material is at a temperature greater than 650°C at time of moulding and has a density greater than 5.0 g/cm³.

BC no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.016MHBnone0.35**B15

Properties
Material may slowly evolve hydrogen after contact with water. Temporary self-heating of about 30°C may be expected after material handling in bulk.

Approximate size:	length 90 mm to 130 mm width 80 mm to 100 mm thickness 20 mm to 50 mm briquette weight 0.5 kg to 2.0 kg
Fines: up to 5% (under 4 mm).

(See also appendix A)

BC no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.035MHB225, 635, 640**0.31 ~ 0.56B9

Properties
Solid, finely divided sulphide concentrates of copper, iron, lead, nickel, zinc or other metalliferous ores.
Some sulphide concentrates are liable to oxidation and may have a tendency to self-heat, with associated oxygen depletion and emission of toxic fumes. Some materials may present corrosion problems.

Observations
Prior to loading, the shipper or the competent authority should provide detailed information concerning any specific hazards and the precautions to be followed, based on the history of carriage of the materials to be loaded.

Segregation and stowage requirements
When determined necessary by the competent authority, segregation as required for class 4.2 materials.
"Separated from" foodstuffs and all class 8 acids.

Special requirements
Loading and unloading operations should be closely supervised to minimize exposure to dust. Depending upon the advice of the shipper or the competent authority the following precautions should be followed:

1 oxygen stimulates the process of oxidation and self- heating, and thus ventilation of the materials should be avoided. Oxidation may also be inhibited by compaction of the material or restricting the ingress of air by carefully covering it with plastic sheeting;

2 to decrease the effects of oxidation, materials should be reasonably levelled following loading; and

3 entry by personnel into cargo spaces containing such materials should not be permitted until the master of the ship or the responsible officer is satisfied that it is safe to do so after taking into account all safety precautions.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** Refer to paragraph 6.1.1 (Asphyxia) of the MFAG.

Permanente link

30 PEAT MOSS, with a moisture content of more than 65% by weight - fine to coarse fibrous structure

(See also appendix A, other materials)

BC no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.038MHB6150.50 to 1.87*B9

Properties
Surface mined from wet marsh, swamp or bog areas, physical properties are based on content of organic matter, minerals, gas and water, and it is identified according to vegetational origin or degree of composition. May range from a highly fibrous material which tends to cling together - and when squeezed, the resulting water is clear - to a soil/mud-like material - and when squeezed the resulting water is brown - which is less cohesive.
Peat materials may also be known by other names such as sphagnum peat moss, peat bog, open maskeg, swamp muck, marsh vegetation or organic soils.
Typically it is characterized by low density, high compressibility and high water content, in its natural state can hold 90% or more by weight of water when saturated.
Liable to cause oxygen depletion, and the emission of marsh (methane, carbon dioxide) types of gases on longer voyages (see also section 3 and appendix F). Fine dust particles suspended in air may also present a dust explosion risk.
It is likely that peat moss will not support heavy objects and no attempt should be made to walk, or land machinery, on the surface without proper precautions.

Observations
Prior to departure the master should be satisfied that the surface of the consignment has been trimmed reasonably level.

Special requirements
Prior to shipment the material should be stockpiled under cover to effect drainage and reduce the moisture content.
In addition to 4.1.2, the following data is required to identify the peat moss:
1. texture (describes appearance of fresh sample);
2. particle properties (this term refers to the type and state of preservation of the predominant visible remnants of plants such as fibres, twigs or leaves and moss);
3. natural water content.
Persons handling horticultural sphagnum, or peat moss, run some risk of contracting sporiotrichosis, a disease caused by fungi, which may enter the body through cuts and scratches. It is advisable to frequently wash the hands, give prompt attention to cuts and scrapes, and wear suitable gloves. Exposure of persons to dust should be minimized. When handling the material, use dust mask and goggles.
Ventilation should be such that any escaping gases cannot reach living quarters on or under the deck.

* Varies widely - to be verified by shipper

Permanente link

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 03-06-1999

* Varies widely - to be verified by shipper

Permanente link

30 PEAT MOSS

[Niet geldig (geldigheid van 1999-06-04 tot en met 2004-12-02)]

Permanente link

31 PETROLEUM COKE *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

(a)mechanically expelled seeds, containing more than 10% of oil or more than 20% of oil and moisture combined

MEAL, oily
OIL CAKE
SEED EXPELLERS, oily

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.13864.2none**1.39 to 2.09B8

Properties
Residue remaining after oil has been expelled mechanically from oil-bearing seeds. Used mainly as animal feed or fertilizer. The most common seed cakes include those derived from coconut (copra), cottonseed, groundnut (peanut), linseed, maize (hominy chop), niger seed, palm kernel, rape seed, rice bran, soya bean and sunflower seed and they may be shipped in the form of cakes, flakes, pellets, meal, etc.
May self-heat slowly and, if wet or containing an excessive proportion of unoxidized oil, ignite spontaneously. Liable to oxidation, causing subsequent reduction of oxygen in the cargo space. Carbon dioxide may also be produced.

Observations
Before shipment, this material should be properly aged; the duration of ageing required varies with the oil content. If satisfied, as a result of tests, that such relaxation is justified, the competent authority may permit seed cakes described in this schedule to be carried under conditions governing SEED CAKE (b) (see following entry). Certificates from the competent authority should state the oil content and moisture content. For seed cakes with other oil and moisture content, see following entries.

Segregation and stowage requirements
To be carried in bulk only with special permission from the competent authority.

(b) solvent extractions and expelled seeds, containing not more than 10% of oil and, when the amount of moisture is higher than 10%, not more than 20% of oil and moisture combined

MEAL, oily
OIL CAKE
SEED EXPELLERS, oily

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.13864.2none**1.39 to 2.09B8

Properties
Residue remaining after oil has been extracted by a solvent process or expelled mechanically from oil-bearing seeds. Used mainly as animal feed or fertilizer. The most common seed cakes include those derived from coconut (copra), cottonseed, groundnut (peanut), linseed, maize (hominy chop), niger seed, palm kernel, rape seed, rice bran, soya bean and sunflower seed and they may be shipped in the form of cake, flakes, pellets, meal, etc. May self-heat slowly and, if wet or containing an excessive proportion of unoxidized oil, ignite spontaneously. Liable to oxidation, causing subsequent reduction of oxygen in the cargo space. Carbon dioxide may also be produced.

Observations
Before shipment, this material should be properly aged; the duration of ageing required varies with the oil content. The provisions of this appendix should not apply to solvent-extracted rape seed meal pellets and soya bean meal containing not more than 4% oil and 15% oil and moisture combined.
A certificate from a person recognized by the competent authority of the country of shipment should be provided by the shipper, prior to loading, stating that the provisions for the exemption are met.

Segregation and stowage requirements
To be stowed in a mechanically ventilated cargo space if solvent-extracted.

Special requirements
1 A certificate from a recognized authority should state the oil content and moisture content.

2 If solvent-extracted, the seed cake should be substantially free from flammable solvent.

3 Surface ventilation will assist in removing any residual solvent vapour.

4 The seed cake should be kept dry.

5 If the voyage exceeds five days the ship should be equipped with facilities for introducing carbon dioxide or another inert gas into the cargo spaces.

6 Regular temperature readings should be taken at varying depths in the cargo spaces and recorded. If the temperature of the material exceeds 55°C and continues to increase, ventilation to the cargo space should be restricted. If self- heating continues, then carbon dioxide or inert gas should be introduced. In the case of solvent-extracted seed cakes the use of carbon dioxide should be withheld until fire is apparent, to avoid the possibility of ignition of solvent vapours by the generation of static electricity.

7 Smoking and the use of naked lights should be prohibited during loading and unloading and on entry into the cargo spaces at any other time.

8 Electrical fuses in cargo space should be extracted. Spark- arresting screens should be fitted to ventilators.

(c) solvent extractions containing not more than 1.5% of oil and not more than 11% of moisture

MEAL, oily
OIL CAKE
SEED EXPELLERS, oily

UN no.IMO classMFAG table no.Approximate stowage factor(m3/t)EmS no.22174.2none**1.39 to 2.09B8

Properties
See SEED CAKE (b).

Observations
The provisions of this appendix should not apply to solvent- extracted rape seed meal pellets and soya bean meal containing not more than 1.5% oil and not more than 11% moisture and being substantially free from flammable solvent. A certificate from a person recognized by the competent authority of the country of shipment should be provided by the shipper, prior to loading, stating that the provisions for the exemption are met (see appendix C).

Segregation and stowage requirements
To be stowed in a mechanically ventilated cargo space.

Special requirements
See SEED CAKE (b).

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** Refer to paragraph 6.1.1 (Asphyxia) of the MFAG.

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

List of bulk materials which are neither liable to liquefy (appendix A) nor to possess chemical hazards (appendix B).

1 It should be carefully noted that this list of materials is not exhaustive and that the physical properties attributed to them are for guidance only.

2 The following materials are non-cohesive when dry:

AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZERS (NON-HAZARDOUS)
AMMONIUM SULPHATE
BORAX (ANHYDROUS)
CALCIUM NITRATE FERTILIZER
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
MURIATE OF POTASH (POTASSIUM CHLORIDE) (KCl)
POTASH
POTASSIUM SULPHATE
SUPERPHOSPHATE
UREA Prior to completion of loading, the angle of repose of the materials to be loaded should be determined (see section 6) so as to determine which provisions of this Code relating to trimming apply (see section 5).

3 All other materials listed in this appendix are cohesive and use of the angle of repose is, therefore, not appropriate. Materials not listed should be treated as cohesive until otherwise shown.

Material	Approx. angle of repose	approx. stowage factor (m³/t)	Properties, observations and Special requirements*
ALFALFA		1.39 to 1.97	Material derived from dried alfalfa grass. Shipped in the from of meal, pellets, etc. Requires a certificate from a competent Authority or shipper stating that the material as shipped does not meet the requirements for seed cake under appendix B
ALUMINA		0.92 to 1.28	Fine white, very dusty or colourless crystaline powder . Insoluble in water and organic liquids. Irritating to mucous membranes and dyes. Moisture; 0% to 5%. Use dust mask and goggles when handing.
ALUMINA, calcined (CALCINED CLAY)		0.61	Consists of lumps, particles and pieces with small amount of powder, dusty. Moisture: Light to dark grey.
ALUMINA SILICA		0.70	Consisting of alumina and silica crystals ? 60% lumps, 40% coarse-grained powder. Moisture: 1% to 5%, White.
ALUMINA SILICA pellets		0.78 to 0.84	Length: 6.4 mm to 25.4 mm. Diameter: 6.4 mm Moisture: none. Off-white
AMMONTUM NTTRATE FERTILIZERS (NON-HAZARDOUS)	27° to 45°	0.83 to 1.00	(a) Uniform non-segregating mixtures of ammonium nitrate with calcium carbonate and/or dolomite, containing not more than 80% of ammonium nitrate, provided they contain not less than 20% of these carbonates (of minimum purity 90%) and not more than 0.4% of total combustible material (see also appendix B - ammonium nitrate fertilizers, type A2) (b) Uniform non-segregating mixtures of ammonium nitrate/ammonium sulphate containing not more than 45% of ammonium nitrate and not more than 0.4% of total combustible material (see also appendix B - ammonium nitrate fertilizers, type A3). (c) Uniform non-segregating mixtures of nitrogen / phosphate or nitrogen/potash types or complete fertilizers of nitrogen/phosphate/potash type containing not more than 70% of ammonium nitrate and not more than 0.4% of total combustible material or containing not more than 45% of ammonium nitrate with unrestricted combustible matter. The mixtures are considered non-hazardous when, as a result of testing by the trough test method (see appendix D.4), they are found to be free from the risk of self-sustaining decomposition, provided they do not contain an excess of nitrate above the ammonium nitrate content calculated as potassium nitrate above the ammonium nitrate content calculated in the notes below greater than 10% by weight of the mixture. Mixtures in which excess nitrate is present in greater proportion than this should be referred to the competent authority (see also appendix B ? ammonium nitrate fertilizers, type 8). Notes (1) All nitrate ions for which there is present in the mixture a molecular equivalent of ammonium ions should be calculated as ammonium nitrate. (2) Ammonium nitrate materials which are liable to self heating sufficient to initiate a decomposition are prohibited (3) The compatibility of non-hazardous ammonium nitrate mixtures with other materials which may be stowed in the same cargo space should be consid- ered before loading.
AMMONUM SULPHATE	28° to 35°	0.95 to 1.06	Chemical fertilizers. A crystalline solid, which readily absorbs moisture. Moisture 0.04% to 0.5%. Liable to cake as a result of absorption of moisture. Carried in bulk. Danger of corrosion of fram-ing, side plating , etc, is present if sweating of car-go space develops. The recommendations given for materials of class 8 with regard to the cleaning of the cargo space after unloading should be followed. (See section 9 Materials possessing chemical hazards, paragraph 9.3.2.4) Ammonia obour. Subject to natural loss in weight.
ANTIMONY ORE (STIBNITE) and RESIDUE		0.34 to 0.42
BARYTES		0.34	Crystalline ore mineral. A sulphate of barium. Used in paints, textiles and as filler for paper. 80% lumps: 6.4mm to 101.6 mm. 20% fines: < 6.4 mm. Moisture: 1% to 6%
BAUXITE		0.72 to 0.84	Clay-like and earthy ore. The principal ore of aluminium. 70% to 90% lumps: 2.5 mm to 500 mm. 10% to 30% powder. Moisture: 0% to 10% Brownish yellow.
BORAX ANHYDROUS (crude or refined)	35°	0.78	Uniform granular material less than 1.4 mm** in size. Highly refined is of white crystalline appearance. The crued material is normally of yellow-white appearance: can be dusty; dust is irritating, but not toxic, if inhaled. Hygroscopic and will cake if wet; very abrasive.
BORAX (PENTAHYDRATE CRUDE. ?RASORITE 46")		0.92	Fine powder and granules less than 2.36 mm*** in size, grey; dusty; dust is irritating if inhaled but not toxic, Hygroscopic and will cake of wet. Used as the major source of borax and boron products.
CALCIUM NITRATE FERTILIZER	34°	0.90 to 0.95	Granules size 1 mm to 4 mm, consisting mainly of a double salt (calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate) and containing not more than 15.5% total nitrogen and at least 12% water In case the total nitrogen content exceeds 15.5%, or the water content is less than 12%, see appendix B.
CARBORUNDUM		0.56	A hard crystalline compound of carbon and silicon. Slight toxicity by inhalation. Used as an abrasive and for refractory purposes. 75% lump: 203.2 mm. 25% lumps: 12.7 mm. Moisture: none. Odourless. Black.
CEMENT		0.67 to 1.00	Fine grey powder. Maximum particle size: 0.1 mm. Both specific gravity and angle of repose are dependent upon the amount of air in the material. Cement contracts approximately 12% from an aerated to a non-aerated state. Normally cement is carried in specially designed ships and trimming is carried out with special equipment. Masters of vessels not specially fitted for the carriage of cement or who are unaware of the characteristics of such cargo should consult local authorities for advice. Considering the fluid nature of the cement prior to settlement, care should be taken to maintain the ship upright during loading and attention should be given to ensuring that the material is trimmed reasonably level. Consideration should also be given to taking any necessary measures to ensure that the cargo has settled and is stable before the ship sails, especially where the loading rate is extreme in relation to the total dead- weight loaded. After the material has settled, shifting should not normally occur unless the angle of the surface with the horizontal plane exceeds 30°. Should be kept dry prior to loading, bilges should be made siftproof and cargo spaces thoroughly cleaned. Contamination of cement renders it useless as a binding agent.
CEMENT CLINKERS		0.61 to 0.84	Unground cement. Size: 0 mm to 40 mm. Moisture: 0% to 5%
CHAMOTTE		1.50	Burned clay. Shipped in the form of fine crushed stone. Used by zinc smelters and in manufacture of firebrick (road metal). Size: up to 10 mm. Grey
CHROME ORE (CHROMIUM ORE)		0.33 to 0.45	Ore. Size: 6.4 mm to 254 mm. Hard, compact, granular, crystalline. Bluish-black. Toxic by dust inhalation. Loading and unloading operations should be closely supervised to prevent exposure to dust.
CHROME PELLETS		0.60	Pellets. Size: 0 mm to 25 mm. Moisture: up to 2% maximum.
CLAY		0.66 to 1.34	Powdery to 100 mm. Moisture: up to 18% . Odourless. Whitish to beige.
COKE (coal origin)		1.25 to 2.93	Used for furnace work and as a fuel. From fines up to 120 mm. Moisture: 5% to 20%.
COLEMANITE		0.61	A natural hydrated calcium berate. Used in boric acid and sodium berate. Fine to large lumps: 300 mm. Moisture: approximately 7% . Light grey appearance similar to clay.
COPPER GRANULES		0.22 to 0.25	Spherical pebbles; fines up to 10 mm, with clinkers up to 50 mm. 75% copper with lead, tin, zinc, races of others. Moisture: 1.5% approximately. Odourless. Dry: light grey. Wet: dark green.
COPPER MATTE		0.25 to 0.35	Crude black copper ore. Small metallic round stones or pellets. Size: 3 mm to 25 mm 75% copper; 25% impurities. Moisture: none. Odourless. Metallic black
CRYOLITE		0.70	A fluoride of sodium and aluminium used in production of aluminium and for ceramic glazes. Pellets: 6.4 mm to 12.7 mm long. Slightly pungent odour. Grey. Prolonged contact may cause serious damage to the skin and nervous system.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** 1.4 mm is nearest ISO screen size.
*** 2.36 mm is nearest ISO screen size.

Material	Approx. angle of repose	approx. stowage factor (m³/t)	Properties, observations and Special requirements*
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE	30°	1.20	Fertilizer. Diameter: 2.54 mm. Grey Slightly pungent odour.
DOLOMITE		0.56 to 0.65	A carbonate of calcium and magnesium. Used for refractory purposes, road construction and as a fertilizer compound. Size: 0.1 mm to 19.00 mm. Moisture: none. Odourless. Off-white, brown tones. Note DOLOMITE may sometimes, incorrectly, be used to describe a material consisting of the oxides of calcium and magnesium (dolomitic quicklime). In this case, see "LIME (UNSLAKED)" in appendix B.
FELSPAR LUMP		0.60	Crystalline minerals consisting of silicates of aluminium with potassium, sodium, calcium and barium. Used in ceramics and enamelling. Shipment in different sizes between 0.1 mm and 300 mm. White or reddish colour.
FERROCHROME		0.18 to 0.26	Raw material of iron mixed with chrome. Shipment in different sizes between 0 mm and 300 mm. Moisture: none.
FERROCHROME exothermic		0.18 to 0.26	An alloy of iron and chromium Warning: no welding or hot work should be Permitted in vicinity.
FERROMANGANESE		0.18 to 0.28	Raw material or iron mixed with manganese. Shipment in different sizes between fines and 300 mm
FERROMANGANESE exothermic
FERRONICKEL		0.24	Dry, non-dusty, gravel-type mixture of lumps and power An alloy of iron and nickel .
FERTILIZERS WITHOUT NITRATES. non-hazardous		0.90 to 1.40	Powder and granular. Size: 1 mm to 3 mm. Moisture: 0% to less than 1% Odourless. Greyish/brown/beige.
FISHMEAL (anti-oxidant treated)		1.7	For Properties: See Fishmeal, stabilized (appendix B). Only permitted for transport if accompanied by a certificate issued by the competent authority of the country of shipment stating that the material has no self-heating properties when transported in bulk.
FLY ASH		1.26	Light finely divided and dusty powder. Diameter: 2 §to 3 §. Residual ash from oil or coal-fired power stations. "Fly ash" may sometimes, incorrectly, be used to describe calcined pyrites, being the residue of chemical industry and containing a percentage of free acid (low pH value); an entry has been included in appendix B (BC no. 003).
GRANULATED SLAG		0.90	Residue of blast furnaces in granulated form. Used by industry. Detrimental of loaded too hot. Size: 0 mm to 5 mm. Iron: 0.5%.
GYPSUM		0.67 to 0.78	A natural hydrated calcium sulphate. Insoluble in water. Used in cement, tires, plaster, plate glass, et Average moisture: 1% to 2%
ILMENITE SAND		0.31 to 0.42	Black sand: average grain size: 0.15 mm ** Abrasive. Monazite, zircon and titanium are obtained from ilmenite sand. Material should be kept dry. Moisture: 1% to 2%.
IRON ORE		0.29 to 0.80	Ore. Fines and lumps. Size : fines to 250 mm. Dusty. Moisture: 0% to 16%.
IRON ORE PELLETS		0.24 to 0.53	Ore Round pellets. Up to 20 mm. Moisture: 0% to 2%
IRON PYPITES		0.40	Iron sulphide. Used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. 20% fines: 80% lumps. Size: 30 mm 150 mm.
IRONSTONE		0.39	Ore. Maximum size: 75 mm. Moisture: 1% to 2%.
LABRDORITE		0.60	A lime- soda rock form of felspar. Lumps between 50 mm and 300 mm.
LEAD ORE		0.24 to 0.67	Powdery: Toxic, with acids evlives highly toxic vapour
LIMESTONE		0.67 to 0.84	A sedimentary rock containing calcium carbonate; Lumps: size 2 mm to 75 mm. Moisture: up to 4%
MAGNESIA (DEADBURNED MAGNESITE, ELECTRO-FUSED MAGNESIA, MAGNESITE CLINKER, MAGNESIA CLINKER)		0.5	Magnesium oxide, non-reactive with water. Used for refractory purposes. Granular, white. For lightburned magnesia, calcined, caustic calcined or unslaked magnesia, see entry in appendix B. Prior to loading, a declaration should be provided by the manufacturer or shipper stating that the material as offered for shipment. has been sufficiently heat-treated and is ready for loading.
MAGNESITE, natural		0.7	Crystalline carbonate of magnesium. Used for refiactory purposes. Powder/fines to lumps. Size: 3 mm to 30 mm. Odourless. Yellowish. Moisture : none.
MANGANESE ORE		0.32 to 0.70	Ore. Fine dust to lumps. Size: below 5 mm to 250 mm. Moisture: variable. Up to 15%.
MARBLE CHIPS		0.85 to 1.00	Dry, dusty, white to grey lumps, particles and powder mixed with a small amount of gravel and pebbles, Moisture: none.
MILORGANITE		1.53	Heat-dried activated sludge. Very fine granular product. Moisture: 3% to 5%. Black speckled colour.
MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE	36°	1.21	Can be highly corrosive in presence of moisture. Acidity and impurity such as chloride ions in the absence of calcium ions may increase corrosion. Ammonium phosphates with pH greater than 4.5 are essentially non-corrosive. Continuous carriage may have detrimental structural effects over a long period of time.
MURIATE OF POTASH	30° to 47°	0.81 to 1.12	Fertilizer. White crystals. In granular and powder form. Moisture: variable Iodine odour.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** 0.015mm is nearest ISO screen size

Material	Approx. angle of repose	approx. stowage factor (m³/t)	Properties, observations and Special requirements*
PEANUTS (in shell)		3.29	Extremely dusty. Moisture: variable. Tan colour.
PEBBLES (sea)		0.59	Round pebbles: 30 mm to 110 mm. Roll very easily; should be overstowed with a layer of sacks.
PELLETS (concentrate)		0.47	Concentrate ore which has been pelletized. Approximately 10 mm. Moisture: up to 6%.
PERLITE ROCK		0.98 to 1.06	Clay-like and dusty. Moisture: 0.5% to 1%. Light grey. Odourless.
PHOSPHATE, defluorinated		1.12	Granular, similar to fine sand. Moisture: none. Dark grey.
PHOSPHATE ROCK, calcined		0.64 to 1.26	Mineral, fertilizer. Usually in the form of fine ground rock or prills. Extremely dusty. Is hygroscopic and will cake and harden if wet. Keep dry.
PHOSPHATE ROCK, Uncalcined		0.70	An ore in which phosphorus and oxygen are chemically united. Lumps and powder. Low angle of repose after loading, but once settled not liable to shift. Dusty. Moisture: 0% to 2%.
PIG IRON		0.30	High-carbon iron. Size: 80 mm x 90 mm x 550 mm.
POTASH	32° to 35°	0.77 to 1.03	A carbonate of potassium. Used in fertilizers and soaps. Granular Moisture: variable to 2%. Brown, pink, white.
POTASSIUM SULPHATE	31°	0.90	Hard crystals or powder. Used in aluminium, glass etc. Colourless or white.
PUMICE		1.90 to 3.25	Highly porous rock of volcanic origin Used as an abrasive. Powder or lumps. Greyish-white.
PYRITE (containing copper and iron)		0.33 to 0.50	Iron disulphide containing copper and iron. Used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Fines and lumps, Various sizes from fines to 300 mm. Moisture: 0% to 7%.
PYROPHYLLITE		0.50	A natural hydrous aluminium silicate. Used in ceramics, slate, pencils, etc. 75% lumps; 20% rubble; 5% fines. Chalk-white.
QUARTZ		0.60	Crystalline lumps beteen 50 mm and 300 mm.
QUARTZITE		0.64	Lumps of 10 mm to 130 mm. Moisture: under 1%. White, red, brown.
RASORITE (ANHYDROUS)		0.67 to 0.78	Uniform granular materials less than 2.36 mm** in size; crystalline; yellow-white; little or no dust; abrasive. Hygroscopic and will cake if wet.
RUTILE SAND		0.39	Fine-particled material 60% less than 0.15 mm. *** Abrasive. Material is used for hardening steel. Shipped dry.
SALT		0.81 to 1.12	Sizes: grain fines to 12 mm. Moisture: variable to 5.5%. White.
SALT CAKE		0.89 to 0.95	Impure sodium sulphate. Used in ceramic glazes. Granular. Moisture: none. White.
SALT ROCK		0.98 to 1.08	Small granules. Moisture: 0.02%. White.
SAND (FOUNDRY, QUARTZ, SILICA, POTASSIUM FELSPAR, SODA FELSPAR)		0.50 to 0.98	Usually fine-particled. Abrasive. Used for a variety of purposes, including glass and steel making.
SCRAP METAL (see also ferrous metal borings, shavings, turnings, or cuttings, appendix B)		veries	Various types of scrap metal, Engine blocks, etc. (When finely divided, see appendix B)
SEED CAKE		1.39 to 2.09	Used mainly as animal feed or fertilizer. Requires a certificate from a competent authority or shipper stating that requirements for exemption are met as set out in the entries for SEED CAKE (b) and (c) in appendix B.
SILICOMANGANESE (with no known hazard profile and less than 25% silicon)	45°	0.18 to 0.26	Used as an additive in steel-making process, Size from fines to 300 mm.
SODA ASH (dense and light)		1.03 to 1.67	Sodium carbonate. Powdery. Moisture: 0% to20%. White
STAINLESS STEEL GRINDING DUST		0.42	Caked, 75 mm to 380 mm lumps. Moisture: 1% to 3% . Brown.
STONE CHIPPINGS		0.71	Fines to 25 mm.
SUGAR (raw, raw brown, refined white)		1.00 to 1.50	Powdery. Moisture: 0% to 0.05%
SULPHATE OF POTASH AND MAGNESIUM		0.89 to 1.00	Granular, light brown material. Solution in water is almost neutral. May have a slight odour, depending on the process of manufacture. Melting point: 72°C. Moisture: 0.02%.
SUPERPHOSPHATE		0.84 to 1.00	A fertilizer composed of phosphate treated with sulphuric acid. Granular, fines and powdery, up to 0.15 mm *** Diameter in size. Moisture: 0% to 7%. Greyishwhite.
SUPERPHOSPHATE, triple granular	30° to 40°	1.17 to 1.23	Fine, free-flowing prills; very dusty. Hygroscopic and will cake and harden if wet. Contains acid and will decompose burlap or canvas cloth.
TACONITE PELLETS		1.53 to 1.67	Ore. Round steel pellets, approximately 15 mm diameter. Moisture: 2%. Grey.
TALC		0.64 to 0.73	A natural hydrous magnesium silicate. Used in ceramics, electrical insulation, etc. Powdery to lumps 100 mm. Grey.
TAPIOCA	32°	1.36	Dry, dusty mixture of powder and granules.
UREA	28° to 45°	1.17 to 1.56	Fertilizer. Form: granules, beads and prills. Dusty. Diameter: 1 mm to 3 mm. Moisture: less than 1%.
VERMICULITE		1.37	A mineral of the mica group. Used in Insulation and fire-proofing. Size: approximately 3mm² Average moisture: 6% to 10%. Grey.
WHITE QUARTZ		0.61	99.6% silica content. Lumps varying in size up to 150 mm.
ZIRCON SAND		0.36	Fine-particled material 60% less than 0.15 mm.*** Abrasive. Material is used for hardening steel. Shipped dry.

* For comprehensive information on transport of any material listed, refer to sections 1-10 of this Code.
** 2.36 mm is nearest ISO screen size.
*** 0.15 mm is nearest ISO screen size.

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Appendix D Laboratory test procedures, associated apparatus and standards

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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1 Test procedures for materials which may liquefy and associated apparatus

Three methods of testing for the transportable moisture limit (TML) are currently in general use:
.1 flow table test;
.2 penetration test;
.3 Proctor/Fagerberg test.
As each method has its advantages, the selection of the test method should be determined by local practices or by the appropriate authorities.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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1.1 Flow table test procedure

D.1.1.1 Scope
The flow table is generally suitable for mineral concentrates or other fine material with a maximum grain size of 1 mm. It may also be applicable to materials with a maximum grain size up to 7 mm. It will not be suitable for materials coarser than this and may also not give satisfactory results for some materials with a high clay content. If the flow table test is not suitable for the material in question, the procedures to be adopted should be those approved by the authority of the port State.
The test described below provides for determination of:
.1 the moisture content of a sample of cargo, hereinafter referred to as the test material;
.2 the flow moisture point (FMP) of the test material under impact or cyclic forces of the flow table apparatus; and
.3 the transportable moisture limit of the test material.

D.1.1.2 Apparatus (see figure D.1.1.2)
.1 Standard flow table and frame (ASTM Designation (C230-68) - see D.3).

.2 Flow table mounting (ASTM Designation (C230-68) - see D.3).
.3 Mould (ASTM Designation (C230-68) - see D.3).
.4 Tamper (see figure D.1.1.2.4): the required tamping pressure may be achieved by using calibrated, spring-loaded tampers (examples are included in figure D.1.1.2.4) or some other suitable design of tamper that allows a controlled pressure to be applied via a 30 mm diameter tamper head.
.5 Scales and weights (ASTM Designation (C109-73) - see D.3) and suitable sample containers.
.6 Glass graduated measuring cylinder and burette having capacities of 100-200 .and 10 ., respectively.
.7 A hemispherical mixing bowl approximately 30 cm diameter, rubber gloves and drying dishes or pans. Alternatively, an automatic mixer of similar capacity can be used for the mixing operations. In this case, care should be exercised to ensure that the use of such a mechanical mixer does not reduce the particle size or consistency of the test material.
.8 A drying oven with controlled temperature up to approximately 110°C. This oven should be without air circulation.

D.1.1.3 Temperature and humidity
It is preferable to work in a room where the samples will be protected from excessive temperatures, air currents and humidity variations. All phases of the material preparation and testing procedure should be accomplished in a reasonable space of time to minimize moisture losses and, in any event, within the day of commencement. Where possible, sample containers should be covered with plastic film or other suitable cover.

D.1.1.4 Procedure
The quantity of material required for a flow moisture test will vary according to the specific gravity of the material to be tested. It will range from approximately 2 kg for coal to 3 kg for mineral concentrates. It should be collected as a representative sample of the cargo being shipped.
Experience has shown that more accurate test results will be obtained by ensuring that the moisture content of the test sample is increased rather than decreased towards the FMP. Consequently, it is recommended that a preliminary flow moisture test should be conducted, generally in accordance with the following, to indicate the condition of the test sample, i.e. the quantity of water and the rate at which it is to be added or whether the sample should be air-dried to reduce its moisture content before commencing the main flow moisture test.

D.1.1.4.1 Preparation of the test sample
The representative sample of test material is placed in the mixing bowl and thoroughly mixed. Three subsamples [(A), (B) and (C)] are removed from the mixing bowl as follows: about one fifth of the sample (A) should be immediately weighed and placed in the drying oven to determine the moisture content of the sample "as received". Two further subsamples, each of about two fifths of the gross weight, should then be taken, one (B) for the preliminary FMP test and the other (C) for the main FMP determination.
.1 "Filling the mould". The mould is placed on the centre of the flow table and filled in three stages with the material from the mixing bowl. The first charge, after tamping, should aim to fill the mould to approximately one third of its depth. The quantity of sample required to achieve this will vary from one material to another, but can readily be established after some experience has been gained of the packing characteristics of the material being tested. The second charge, after tamping, should fill the mould to about two thirds of its depth and the third and final charge, after tamping, should reach to just below the top of the mould (see figure D.1.1.4-2).
.2 "Tamping procedure". The aim of tamping is to attain a degree of compaction similar to that prevailing at the bottom of a shipboard cargo of the material being tested. The correct pressure to be applied is calculated from:

Tamping pressure (Pa) =	Bulk density of cargo (kg/m³.)
	x Maximum depth of cargo (m)
	x Gravity acceleration (m/ s²).

Bulk density can be measured by a single test, using the Proctor C apparatus described in ASTM Standard D-698 or JIS-A-1210, on a sample of the cargo at the proposed moisture content of loading. When calculating the tamping pressure, if no information concerning cargo depth is available the maximum likely depth should be used. Alternatively, the pressure may be estimated from table D.1.1.4.1.

The number of tamping actions (applying the correct, steady pressure each time) should be about 35 for the bottom layer, 25 for the middle and 20 for the top layer, tamping successively over the area completely to the edges of the sample to achieve a uniformly flat surface for each layer.

.3 "Removal of the mould". The mould is tapped on its side until it becomes loose, leaving the sample in the shape of a truncated cone on the table.

D.1.1.4.2The preliminary flow moisture test

.1 Immediately after removing the mould, the flow table is raised and dropped up to 50 times through a height of 12.5 mm at a rate of 25 times per minute. If the material is below the FMP, it usually crumbles and bumps off in fragments with successive drops of the table (see figure D.1.1.4-3).

.2 At this stage, the flow table is stopped and the material returned to the mixing bowl, where 5-10 . of water, or possibly more, is sprinkled over the surface and thoroughly mixed into the material, either with rubber-gloved fingers or an automatic mixer. The mould is again filled and the flow table is operated as described in D.1.1.4.2.1 for up to 50 drops. If a flow state is not developed, the process is repeated with further additions of water until a flow state has been reached.

.3 "Identification of a flow state." The impacting action of the flow table causes the grains to rearrange themselves to produce compaction of the mass. As a result, the fixed volume of moisture contained in the material at any given level increases as a percentage of the total volume. A flow state is considered to have been reached when the moisture content and compaction of the sample produce a level of saturation such that plastic deformation occurs.* At this stage, the moulded sides of the sample may deform, giving a convex or concave profile (see figure D.1.1.4-4). With repeated action of the flow table, the sample continues to slump and to flow outwards. In certain materials, cracks may also develop on the top surface. Cracking, with the appearance of free moisture, is not, however, an indication of development of a flow state. In most cases, measurement of the deformation is helpful in deciding whether or not plastic flow has occurred. A template which, for example, will indicate an increase in diameter of up to 3 mm in any part of the cone is a useful guide for this purpose. Some additional observations may be useful. For example: when the (increasing) moisture content is approaching the FMP, the sample cone begins to show a tendency to stick to the mould.
Further, when the sample is pushed off the table, the sample may leave tracks (stripes) of moisture on the table. If such stripes are seen, the moisture content may be above the FMP: the absence of tracks (stripes) is not necessarily an indication of being below the FMP Measuring the diameter of the cone, at the base or at half height, will always be useful. By addition of water in increments of 0.4% to 0.5% and applying 25 drops of the flow table, the first diameter increase will generally be between 1 and 5 mm and after a further increment of water the base diameter will have expanded by between 5 and 10 mm.
______________
^{* In certain conditions, the diameter of the
cone may increase before the flow moisture point is reached, due to
low friction between the grains rather than to plastic flow. This must
not be mistaken for a flow state.}

.4 As an alternative to the procedure described above, for many concentrates a fast way of finding the approximate FMP is as follows: When the moisture content is definitely beyond the FMP, measure the diameter after 25 drops, repeat the test after adding a further increment of water, measure the diameter and draw a diagram as illustrated in figure D.1.1.4-1, showing increase in diameter plotted against moisture content. A straight line drawn through the two points will cross the moisture content axis close to the FMP. Having completed the preliminary FMP test, the sample for the main test is adjusted to the required level of moisture content (about 1% to 2%) below the flow point.

D.1.1.4.3Main flow moisture test

When a flow state has been reached in the preliminary test, the moisture content of subsample (C) is adjusted to about 1% to 2% less than the last value which did not cause flow in the preliminary test (this is suggested simply to avoid starting the main test too close to the FMP and then having to waste time air-drying it and starting again). The final test is then carried out on this adjusted sample in the same manner as for the preliminary test, but in this case with the addition of water in increments of no more than 0.5% of the mass of the test material (the lower the "preliminary" FMP, the smaller the increments should be). After each stage, the whole moulded sample should be placed in a container, weighed immediately and retained for moisture determination if required. This will be necessary if the sample flowed or if the next, slightly wetter, sample flows. If not required it may be returned to the mixing bowl. When a flow state has been reached, the moisture content should be determined on two samples, one with a moisture content just above the FMP and the other with a moisture content just below the FMP. The difference between the two values should then be 0.5% or less, and the FMP is taken as the mean of these two values.

D.1.1.4.4 Determination of moisture content

Introduction

It should be noted that, for many materials, there are recognized international and national methods for determining moisture content. These methods, or ones that have been established to give equivalent results, should be followed.

Concentrates and similar materials

It is clearly important that the samples should be dried to a constant mass. In practice, this is ascertained after a suitable drying period at 105"C by weighing the sample successively with an interval of several hours elapsing. If the mass remains constant, drying has been completed, whereas if the mass is still decreasing, drying should be continued. The length of the drying period depends upon many variables, such as the disposition of the material in the oven, the type of container used, the particle size, the rate of heat transfer, etc. It may be that a period of five hours is ample for one concentrate sample, whereas it is not sufficient for another. Sulphide concentrates tend to oxidize, and therefore the use of drying ovens with air circulation systems is not recommended for these materials, nor should the test sample be left in the drying oven for more than four hours.

Coal

The recommended methods for determination of the moisture content are those described in ISO 589-1974, "Hard Coal -Determination of Total Moisture". This method, or ones that have been established to give equivalent results, should be followed.
Calculation of moisture content, FMP and transportable moisture limit:

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 03-06-1999

Tamping pressure (Pa) =	Bulk density of cargo (kg/m³.)
	x Maximum depth of cargo (m)
	x Gravity acceleration (m/ s²).

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1.2 Penetration test procedure

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

The penetration test constitutes a procedure whereby a material in a cylindrical vessel is vibrated. The flow moisture point is determined on the basis of the penetration depth of an indicator.

D.1.2.1 Scope
.1 The penetration test is generally suitable for mineral concentrates, similar materials, and coals up to a top size of 25 mm.
.2 In this procedure, the sample, in a cylindrical vessel, is subjected to vertical vibration of 2g rms ± 10% (g = gravity acceleration) for 6 minutes. When the penetration depth of a bit put on the surface exceeds 50 mm, it is judged that the sample contains a moisture greater than the flow moisture point.
.3 This procedure consists of a preliminary test to get an approximate value of the flow moisture point and a main test to determine the accurate flow moisture point. When the approximate value of the flow moisture point is known, the preliminary test can be omitted.
.4 The room where the samples are tested should be prepared as mentioned in D.1.1.3.

D.1.2.2 Apparatus (see figure D.1.2.2)
.1 The test apparatus consists of

(1) a vibrating table;
(2) cylindrical vessels;
(3) indicators (penetration bits and a holder);
(4) a tamper (see D.1.1.2.4); and
(5) ancillary equipment (see D.1.1.2.5 to .8).
.2 The vibrator (see figure D.1.2.2.2), with a table on which a cylindrical vessel can be clamped, should be capable of exciting a mass of 30 kg at a frequency of either 50 Hz or 60 Hz with an acceleration of 3g rms or more, and it can be controlled to adjust the acceleration level.
.3 Dimensions of cylindrical vessels (see figures D.1.2.2.3-1 and D.1.2.2.3-2) are as follows:

Cylinder size Inner diameter Depth Wall thicknessSmall large146mm 194mm202mm 252 mm9.6mm or more 10.3mm or more
The vessels should be made of reasonably rigid, non-magnetic, impermeable and lightweight material such as acrylics or vinyl chloride. small cylindrical vessel is selected for the materials having a maximum particle size of 10 mm or less. The large cylindrical vessel is for those having a maximum particle size of 25 mm or less.
.4 Penetration bits (see figure D.1.2.2.4) are made of brass. The mass of the bit for coal should be adjusted to 88 g (5 kPa), and that for concentrates to 177 g (10 kPa). When the sample contains coarse particles, it is recommended that two bits of the same pressureare put on the surface to avoid misjudgment.
.5 A holder (see figure D.1.2.2.5) should be made to guide the rod of a bit with minimum friction to the centre of a cylindrical vessel. When two bits are used, they should be positioned in accordance with figure D.1.2.2.
.6 A cylindrical vessel and penetration indicators should be selected in accordance with the nature and condition of the test sample, viz. size of particles and bulk density.

D.1.2.3 Procedure

D.1.2.3.1 Preparation of the test sample and the vibrating table
.1 The quantity of the sample required is approximately six times or more the capacity of the selected cylindrical vessel. The amount of representative test sample with which each container is filled should be as follows: approximately 1700 .for the small container, and 4700 .for the large container.
.2 Mix the sample well and divide into three approximately equal subsamples, namely (A), (B)and(C). The subsample (A) should be immediately weighed and placed in the drying oven to determine the moisture content of the sample "as received". The subsamples (B) and (C) are used for the preliminary test and the main test, respectively.
.3 The vibration level of the vibrating table should be calibrated, using an acceleration meter, prior to carrying out testing. The acceleration of the table should be adjusted to 2g rms ± 10% with a container filled with a sample mounted on the table.

D.1.2.3.2 Preliminary flow moisture test
This test is intended to measure quickly the approximate flow moisture point, using subsample (B). Water is added in increments after every penetration test. When a flow state has been reached, the moisture content of the sample just above the flow state is measured. The moisture content of the sample just below the flow state can be calculated by deducting the increment of water last added from the gross mass of the sample.
.1 Fill the appropriate cylindrical vessel with subsample (B) in four distinct stages and tamp after the addition of each layer using a specified tamper. Tamp to a pressure denoted in D.1.1.4.1 for mineral concentrates or to 40 kPa for coals, and apply the pressure evenly over the whole surface area of the material until a uniformly flat surface is obtained.
.2 Place the penetration bit on the surface of the material through the holder.
.3 Operate the vibrator at a frequency of 50 .or 60 .with an acceleration of 2g rms ± 10% for 6 minutes. If necessary, the acceleration level should be checked by referring to the output of the acceleration meter attached to the vibrating table.
.4 After 6 minutes of vibration, read the depth of penetration.
.5 When the depth of penetration is less than 50 mm, it is judged that liquefaction did not take place. Then, (1) Remove the material from the cylindrical vessel and replace in the mixing bowl with the remainder of the sample. (2) Mix well and weigh the contents of the mixing bowl. (3) Sprinkle an increment of water of not more than 1% of the mass of the material in the bowl and mix well. (4) Repeat the procedure described in D.1.2.3.2.1 to D.1.2.3.2.5. .6 When the depth of penetration is greater than 50 mm, it is judged that liquefaction took place. Then,

(1) Remove the material from the cylindrical vessel and replace in the mixing bowl.
(2) Measure the moisture content in accordance with the procedure described in D.1.1.4.4.
(3) Calculate the moisture content of the sample just below the flow moisture point on the basis of the amount of water added. .7 If the penetration depth in the first attempt exceeds 50 mm, i.e. the sample as received liquefied, mix subsamples (B) and (C) and dry at room temperature to reduce the moisture. Then, divide the material into two subsamples (B) and (C), and repeat the preliminary test.

D.1.2.3.3 The main flow moisture test
.1 On the basis of the preliminary test, the main test should be carried out to determine the flow moisture point more accurately.
.2 Adjust the moisture content of the subsample (C) to the last value which did not cause flow inthe preliminary flow moisture test.
.3 The first test of the main flow moisture test is carried out on this adjusted sample in the same manner as described in D.1.2.3.2. In this case, however, the addition of water in increments should not be more than 0.5% of the mass of the test material.
.4 When the approximate value of the flow moisture point is known in advance, the moisture content of the subsample (C) is adjusted to approximately 90% of this value.
.5 When a flow state has been reached, the flow moisture point is determined as described in D.1.1.4.3.

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1.3 Proctor/Fagerberg test procedure

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.1.3.1 Scope
.1 Test method for both fine and relatively coarse-grained ore concentrates or similar materials up to a top size of 5 mm. This method should not be used for coal or other porous materials.
.2 Before the Proctor/Fagerberg test is applied to coarser materials with a top size greater than 5 mm, an extensive investigation for adoption and improvement is required.
.3 The transportable moisture limit (TML) of a cargo is taken as equal to the critical moisture content at 70% degree of saturation according to the Proctor/Fagerberg method test.

D.1.3.2 Proctor/Fagerberg test equipment
.1 The Proctor apparatus (see figure D.1.3.2) consists of a cylindrical iron mould with a removable extension piece (the compaction cylinder) and a compaction tool guided by a pipe open at its lower end (the compaction hammer).
.2 Scales and weights (see D.3.2) and suitable sample containers.
.3 A drying oven with a controlled temperature interval from 100&degC to maximum 105&degC. This oven should be without air circulation.
.4 A suitable mixer. Care should be taken to ensure that the use of the mixer does not reduce the particle size or consistency of the test material.
.5 Equipment to determine the density of the solid material, for example a pycnometer.

D.1.3.3 Temperature and humidity (see D.1.1.3)

D.1.3.4 Procedure
.1 "Establishment of a complete compaction curve". A representative sample according to a relevant standard (see 4.6 of section 4) of the test material is dried at a temperature of approximately 100°C. The total quantity of the test material should be at least three times as big as required for the complete test sequence. Compaction tests are executed for five to ten different moisture contents (five to ten separate tests). The samples are adjusted in order that dry to almost saturated (plastic) samples are obtained. The required quantity per compaction test is about 2000 cm³. At each compaction test a suitable amount of water is added to the sample of the dried test material and mixed thoroughly for 5 minutes. Approximately one fifth of the mixed sample is filled into the mould and levelled and then the increment is tamped uniformly over the surface of the increment. Tamping is executed by dropping the hammer 25 times through the guide pipe, 0.2 m each time. The performance is repeated for all five layers. When the last layer has been tamped the extension piece is removed and the sample is levelled off along the brim of the mould. When the weight of the cylinder with the tamped sample has been determined, the cylinder is emptied, the sample is dried and the weight is determined. The test then is repeated for the other samples with different moisture contents.
.2 Definitions and data for calculations (see figure D.1.3.4.2)

empty cylinder, mass in grams: A
cylinder with tamped sample, mass in grams: B
wet sample, mass in grams: C
C = B - A
dry sample, mass in grams: D
water, mass in grams (equivalent to volume in cm³): E
E = C - D
volume of cylinder: 1000 cm³

.3 Calculation of main characteristics

density of solid material, g/cm³(t/m³): d
dry bulk density, g/cm³(t/m³): γ
γ = D / 1000
net water content, volume %: e
e_v= E/D x 100 x d
void ratio: e (volume of voids divided by volume of solids)
e = (1000d - D) / D = d/r - 1
degree of saturation, percentage by volume: S
S = e_v / e
gross water content, percentage by mass: W ¹
W ¹= E/D x 100
net water content, percentage by mass: W
W= E/D x 100

.4 Presentation of the compaction tests
For each compaction test the calculated void ratio (e) value is plotted as the ordinate in a diagram with net water content ( e_v ) and degree of saturation (S) as the respective abscissa parameters.

.5 Compaction curve
The test sequence results in a specific compaction curve (see figure D.1.3.4.5). The critical moisture content is indicated by the intersection of the compaction curve and the line S =70% degree of saturation. The transportable moisture limit (TML) is the critical moisture content.

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2 Test procedures to determine the angle of repose and associated apparatus

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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2.1 Determination of angle of repose of fine-grained materials (size less than 10 mm): "tilting box test". For use in laboratory or port of loading

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.2.1.1 Scope
The test provides for the determination of the angle of repose of fine-grained non-cohesive materials (size less than 10 mm). The results so obtained may be used when interpreting sections 5 and 6 of this Code for the materials in question.

D.2.1.2 Definition
The angle of repose obtained by this test is the angle formed between the horizontal and the top of the test box when the material in the box just begins to slide in bulk.

D.2.1.3 Principle of test
When measuring the angle of repose by this method, the material surface should initially be level and parallel to the test box base. The box is tilted without vibration and tilting is stopped when the product just begins to slide in bulk.

D.2.1.4 Apparatus (see figure D.2.1.4)

Apparatus is as follows:
.1 A framework, on top of which is attached an open box. Attachment of the box to the frame is by means of a shaft passing through bearings affixed to both the frame and the end of the box, enabling the box to be subjected to a controlled tilt.
.2 The dimensions of the box are 600mm long, 400mm wide and 200mm high.
.3 To prevent sliding of the material along the bottom of the box during tilting, a tightly fitting grating (openings 30mm x 30mm x 25mm) is placed on the bottom of the box before filling.
.4 Tilting of the box is effected by a hydraulic cylinder fitted between the frame and the bottom of the box. Other means may be used to obtain the required tilting but in all cases vibration must be eliminated.
.5 To pressurize the hydraulic cylinder, a hydropneumatic accumulator may be used, pressurized by air or gas at a pressure of about 5 kp/cm².
.6 The rate of tilting should be approximately 0.3°/s.
.7 Range of tilt should be at least 50°.

.8 A protractor is fitted to the end of the shaft. One lever of the protractor is fitted so that it may be screw-adjusted to the horizontal.
.9 The protractor should measure the angle of the top of the box to the horizontal to within an accuracy of 0.5° .
.10 A spirit level or some other levelling device should be available to zero the protractor.

D.2.1.5 Procedure
The box is filled with the material to be tested by pouring it slowly and carefully from the lowest practical height into the box in order to obtain uniformity of loading.
The excess material is scraped off with the aid of a straight edge, inclined at about 45° towards the direction of scraping.
The tilting system is then activated and stopped when the material just begins to slide in bulk. The angle of the top of the box to the horizontal is measured by the protractor and recorded.

D.2.1.6 Evaluation
The angle of repose is calculated as the mean of three measurements and is reported to within half a degree.

Notes : Preferably the test should be carried out with three independent samples. Care should be taken to ensure that the shaft is adjusted to be horizontal before testing.

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2.2 Alternative or shipboard test method to be used for the determination of the angle of repose when the tilting box is not available

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.2.2.1 Definition
According to this method the angle of repose is the angle between the cone slope and the horizontal measured at half height.

D.2.2.2 Principle of test
To determine the angle of repose, a quantity of the material to be tested is poured very carefully out of a flask onto a sheet of rough-textured paper, in such a way that a symmetrical cone is formed.

D.2.2.3 Equipment
The necessary equipment to carry out this test is as follows:
- a horizontal table free from vibrations;
- a sheet of rough-textured paper onto which the material should be poured;
- a protractor; and
- a 3 litre conical flask.

D.2.2.4 Procedure
Put the sheet of paper on the table. Split 10 l of the material to be tested into three subsamples and test each in the following way:
Pour two thirds of the subsample (i.e. 2 l) onto the sheet, producing a starting cone. The remainder of this subsample is then poured very carefully from a height of a few millimetres on top of the Cone. Care should be taken that the cone will be built up symmetrically. This may be achieved by revolving the flask slowly close around the top of the cone when pouring.
When measuring, care should be taken that the protractor does not touch the cone, otherwise this may result in sliding of the material and spoil the test.
The angle has to be measured at four places around the cone, about 90 degrees apart. This test should be repeated on the other two subsamples.

D.2.2.5 Calculations
The angle of repose is taken as the mean of the 12 measurements and is reported to half a degree. This figure can be converted to the tilting box value as follows:

a_L = a_s+ 3° (D.2.2.5) where a_L = angle of repose according to the tilting box text
a_s = angle of repose according to the survey test

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3 Standards used in test procedures

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

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3.1 Standard flow table and frame *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

* Source: "Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement", Designation C230-68. Reprinted by permission of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Penn., USA, copyright ASTM 1977.

D.3.1.1 Flow table and frame

D.3.1.1.1 The flow table apparatus shall be constructed in accordance with figure D.3. The apparatus shall consist of an integrally cast rigid iron frame and a circular rigid table top, 10 inches ± 0.1 inch (254mm ± 2.5mm) in diameter, with a shaft attached perpendicular to the table top by means of a screw thread. The table top to which the shaft with its integral contact shoulder is attached, shall be mounted on a frame in such a manner that it can be raised and dropped vertically through the specified height, with a tolerance in height of ± 0.005 inches (0.13mm) for new tables and ± 0.015 inches (0.39mm) for tables in use, by means of a rotated cam. The table top shall have a fine machined plane surface, free of blowholes and surface defects, and shall be scribed as shown in figure D.3. The table top shall be of cast brass or bronze having a Rockwell hardness number not less than HRB 25 with an edge thickness of 0.3 inches (8mm), and shall have six integral radial stiffening ribs. The table top and attached shaft shall weigh 9 lb ± 0.1 lb (4 kg ± 0.05 kg) and the weight shall be symmetrical around the centre of the shaft.

D.3.1.1.2 The cam and vertical shaft shall be of medium-carbon machinery steel, hardened where indicated in figure D.3. The shaft shall be straight and the difference between the diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bore of the frame shall be not less than 0.002 inches (0.05mm) and not more than 0.003 inches (0.08mm) for new tables and shall be maintained at from 0.002 inches to 0.010 inches (0.26mm) for tables in use. The end of the shaft shall not fall upon the cam at the end of the drop, but shall make contact with the cam not less than 120° from the point of drop. The face of the cam shall be a smooth spiralled curve of uniformly increasing radius from ½ inch to 1 ¾ inches (13mm to 32mm) in 360° and there shall be no appreciable jar as the shaft comes into contact with the cam. The cam shall be so located and the contact faces of the cam and shaft shall be such that the table does not rotate more than one revolution in 25 drops. The surfaces of the frame and of the table which come into contact at the end of the drop shall be maintained smooth, plane, and horizontal and parallel with the upper surface of the table and shall make continuous contact over a full 360°.

D.3.1.1.3 The supporting frame of the flow table shall be integrally cast of fine-grained, highgrade cast iron. The frame casting shall have three integral stiffening ribs extending the full height of the frame and located 120° apart. The top of the frame shall be chilled to a depth of approximately ¼ inch (6.4mm) and the face shall be ground and lapped square with the bore to give 360° contact with the shaft shoulder. The underside of the base of the frame shall be ground to secure a complete contact with the steel plate beneath.

D.3.1.1.4 The flow table may be driven by a motor¹, connected to the camshaft through an enclosed worm gear speed reducer and flexible coupling. The speed of the camshaft shall be approximately 100 rpm. The motor drive mechanism shall not be fastened or mounted on the table base plate or frame. The performance of a flow table shall be considered satisfactory if, in calibration tests, the table gives a flow value that does not differ by more than 5 percentage points from flow values obtained with a suitable calibration material. ²

D.3.1.2 Flow table mounting

D.3.1.2.1 The flow table frame shall be tightly bolted to a cast iron or steel plate at least 1 inch (25mm) thick and 10 inches (250mm) square. The top surface of this plate shall be machined to a smooth plane surface. The plate shall be anchored to the top of a concrete pedestal by four ½ inch (13mm) bolts that pass through the plate and are embedded at least 6 inches (150mm) in the pedestal. The pedestal shall be cast inverted on the base plate. A positive contact between the base plate and the pedestal shall be obtained at all points. No nuts or other such levelling devices shall be used between the plate and the pedestal. Levelling shall be effected by suitable means under the base of the pedestal.

D.3.1.2.2 The pedestal shall be 10 inches to 11 inches (250mm to 275mm) square at the top, and 15 inches to 16 inches (375mm to 400mm) square at the bottom, 25 inches to 30 inches (625mm to 750mm) in height, and shall be of monolithic construction, cast from concrete weighing at least 140 lb/ft³ (2240 kg/m²). A stable gasket cork pad, ½ inch (13mm) thick and approximately 4 inches (102mm) square, shall be inserted under each corner of the pedestal. The flow table shall be checked frequently for levelness of the table top, stability of the pedestal, and tightness of the bolts and nuts in the table base and the pedestal plate. (A torque of 20 lb ft (27 N m) is recommended when tightening those fastenings.)

D.3.1.2.3 The table top, after the frame has been mounted on the pedestal, shall be level along two diameters at right angles to each other, in both the raised and lowered positions.

D.3.1.3 Flow table lubrication

D.3.1.3.1 The vertical shaft of the table shall be kept clean and shall be lightly lubricated with a light oil (SAE-10). Oil shall not be present between the contact faces of the table top and the supporting frame. Oil on the cam face will lessen wear and promote smoothness of operation. The table should be raised and permitted to drop a dozen or more times just prior to use if it has not been operated for some time.

D.3.1.4 Mould

D.3.1.4.1 The mould for casting the flow specimen shall be of cast bronze or brass, constructed as shown in figure D.3. The Rockwell hardness number of the metal shall be not less than HRB 25. The diameter of the top opening shall be 2.75 inches± 0.02 inches (69.8mm ± 0.5mm) for new moulds and 2.75 inches + 0.05 inches (+ 1.3mm) and - 0.02 inches for moulds in use.
The surfaces of the base and top shall be parallel and at right angles to the vertical axis of the cone. The mould shall have a minimum wall thickness of 0.2 inches (5mm). The outside of the top edge of the mould shall be shaped so as to provide an integral collar for convenient lifting of the mould.
All surfaces shall be machined to a smooth finish. A circular shield approximately 10 inches (254mm) in diameter, with a centre opening approximately 4 inches (102mm) in diameter, made of nonabsorbing material not attacked by the cement, shall be used with the flow mould to prevent mortar from spilling on the table top.

¹ A 1/20 ap (40 W) motor has been found adequate. The flow table may be driven by a hand-operated camshaft as shown in the illustration.
² Such a material may be obtained from the Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234, USA.

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3.2 Scales and weights *

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.3.2.1 Scales

D.3.2.1.1 The scales used shall conform to the following requirements. On scales in use, the permissible variation at a load of 2000 g shall be ± 2.0 g. The permissible variation on new scales shall be one half of this value. The sensibility reciprocal ** shall be not greater than twice the permissible variation.

D.3.2.2 Weights

D.3.2.2.1 The permissible variations on weights shall be as prescribed in the table below. The permissible variations on new weights shall be one half of the values in the table below.

PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS ON WEIGHTS Weight (g) Permissible variations on weights in use, plus or minus (g)1000......................................................................................... 0.50900......................................................................................... 0.45750......................................................................................... 0.40500......................................................................................... 0.35300......................................................................................... 0.30250......................................................................................... 0.25200......................................................................................... 0.20100......................................................................................... 0.1550......................................................................................... 0.1020......................................................................................... 0.0510......................................................................................... 0.045......................................................................................... 0.032......................................................................................... 0.021......................................................................................... 0.01

* Source, "Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars", Designation C109-D3. Reprinted by permission of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Penn., USA, copyright ASTM 1977.
** Generally defined, the sensibility reciprocal is the change in load required to change the position of rest of the indicating element or elements of a non-automatic indicating scale a definite amount at any load. For a more complete definition, see "Specifications, Tolerances, and Regulations for Commercial Weighing and Measuring Devices", Handbook H44, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., USA, September 1949, pp. 92 and 93.

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4 Trough test for determination of the self-substained exothermic decomposition of fertilizers containing nitrates*

* Source: IMDG Code, pages 9005-9009.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

* Source: IMDG Code, pages 9005-9009.

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4.1 Definition

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

A fertilizer capable of self-sustaining decomposition is defined as one in which decomposition initiated in a localized area will spread throughout the mass. The tendency of a fertilizer offered for transport to undergo this type of decomposition can be determined by means of the trough test. In this test localized decomposition is initiated in a bed of the fertilizer to be contained in a horizontally mounted trough. The amount of propagation, after removal of the initiating heat source, of decomposition through the mass is measured.

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4.2 Apparatus and materials

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

The apparatus (figure D.4-1) consists of a trough of internal dimensions 150mm x 150mm x 500mm, open at the top. The trough is constructed of square-meshed gauze (preferably stainless steel) with a mesh width of about 1.5 ‡oand a wire thickness of 1.0 ‡osupported on a frame made from, for example, 15mm wide, 2mm thick steel bars. The gauze at each end of the trough may be replaced by 1.5mm thick, 150mm x 150mm stainless steel plates. The trough should be rested on a suitable support. Fertilizers with a particle size distribution such that a significant amount falls through the mesh of the trough should be tested in a trough of smaller mesh gauze, or alternatively in a trough lined with gauze of a smaller mesh. During initiation sufficient heat should be provided and maintained to establish a uniform decomposition front. Two alternative methods are recommended, viz:

D.4.2.1 Electrical heating
An electrical heating element (capacity 250 W) enclosed in a stainless steel box is placed inside and at one end of the trough (figure D.4-2). The dimensions of the stainless steel box are 145mm x 145mm x 10mm, and the wall thickness is 3mm. The side of the box which is not in contact with the fertilizer should be protected with a heat shield (insulation plate 5mm thick). The heating side of the box may be protected with aluminium foil or a stainless steel plate.

D.4.2.2 Gas burners
A steel plate (thickness 1mm to 3mm) is placed inside one end of the trough and in contact with the wire gauze (figure D.4-1). The plate is heated by means of two burners which are fixed to the trough support and are capable of maintaining the plate at temperatures between 400°C and 600°C, i.e. dull red heat.

D.4.2.3 1 To prevent heat transport along the outside of the trough, a heat shield consisting of a steel plate (2mm thick) should be installed at about 50mm from the end of the trough where the heating takes place.

D.4.2.4 The life of the apparatus may be prolonged if it is constructed of stainless steel throughout. This is particularly important in the case of the gauze trough.

D.4.2.5 Propagation may be measured using thermocouples in the substance and recording the time at which a sudden temperature rise occurs as the reaction front reaches the thermocouple.

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4.3 Procedure

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.4.3.1 The apparatus should be set up under a fume hood to remove toxic decomposition gases or in an open area where the fumes can be readily dispersed. Although there is no explosion risk, when performing the test it is advisable to have a protective shield, e.g. of suitable transparent plastics, between the observer and the apparatus.

D.4.3.2 The trough is filled with the fertilizer in the form to be offered for shipment and decomposition is initiated at one end, either electrically or by means of gas burners as described above. Heating should be continued until decomposition of the fertilizer is well established and propagation of the front (over approximately 30mm to 50mm) has been observed. In the case of products with high thermal stability, it may be necessary to continue heating for two hours. If fertilizers show a tendency to melt, the heating should be done with care, i.e. using a small flame.

D.4.3.3 About 20 minutes after the heating has been discontinued, the position of the decomposition front is noted. The front can be observed by difference in colour, e.g. brown (undecomposed fertilizer) to white (decomposed fertilizer), or by the temperature indicated by adjacent pairs of thermocouples which bracket the reaction front. The rate of propagation may be determined by observation and timing or from thermocouple records. It should be noted whether there is no propagation after heating is discontinued or whether propagation occurs throughout the substance. A graph of the progression of the decomposition front along the trough against time is then prepared, and the propagation rate (cm/h) is obtained from the graph, using the portion where the rate is constant.

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4.4 Test criteria and method of assessing results

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.4.4.1 If propagation of the decomposition continues throughout the substance the fertilizer is considered capable of showing self-sustaining decomposition.

D.4.4.2 If propagation does not continue throughout the substance, the fertilizer is considered to be free from the hazard of self-sustaining decomposition as this depends on the chemical species present.

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5 Description of the test of resistance to detonation

D.5.1 The test must be carried out on a representative sample of the material. Before being tested for resistance to detonation, the whole mass of the sample is to be thermally cycled at least two and not more than five times.

D.5.2 The material must be subjected to the test of resistance to detonation in a horizontal steel tube under the following conditions:
Seamless steel tube

Tube length	1000mm
Nominal external diameter	114mm
Nominal wall thickness	5mm
Booster	The type and mass of the booster chosen should be such as to maximize the detonation pressure applied to the sample in order to determine its susceptibility to the transmission of detonation
Test temperature	15°C to 25°C
Witness lead cylinders for detecting detonation	50mm diameter 100mm high placed at 150mm intervals and supporting the tube horizontally.

The test is to be carried out twice. The test is deemed conclusive if in both tests one or more of the supporting lead cylinders is crushed by less than 5%.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 31-05-2000

Tube length	1000mm
Nominal external diameter	114mm
Nominal wall thickness	5mm
Booster	The type and mass of the booster chosen should be such as to maximize the detonation pressure applied to the sample in order to determine its susceptibility to the transmission of detonation
Test temperature	15°C to 25°C
Witness lead cylinders for detecting detonation	50mm diameter 100mm high placed at 150mm intervals and supporting the tube horizontally.

The test is to be carried out twice. The test is deemed conclusive if in both tests one or more of the supporting lead cylinders is crushed by less than 5%.

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5 Description of the Test of Resistance to Detonation

[Niet geldig (geldigheid van 2000-06-01 tot en met 2004-12-02)]

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6 Self-heating test for charcoal

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

D.6.1 Apparatus

D.6.1.1 "Oven". A laboratory oven fitted with internal air circulation and capable of being controlled at 140°C ± 2°C.

D.6.1.2 "Wire mesh cube". Construct an open-top cube, 100mm side, from phosphor bronze gauze 18,000 mesh per square centimetre (350 x 350 mesh). Insert it inside a slightly larger, well-fitting cube, made of phosphor bronze gauze 11 mesh per square centimetre (8 x 8 mesh). Fit the outer cube with a handle or hooks so that it can be suspended from above.

D.6.1.3 "Temperature measurement". A suitable system to measure and record the temperature of the oven and in the centre of the cube. "Chromel-alumel" thermocouples, made from 0.27mm diameter wire, are suitable for measuring the temperature range expected.

D.6.2 Procedure

D.6.2.1 Fill the cube with carbon and tap down gently, adding carbon until the cube is full. Suspend the sample in the centre of the oven which has been preheated to 140°C ± 2°C. Insert one of the thermocouples in the centre of the sample and the other between the cube and the oven wall. Maintain the temperature of the oven at 140°C ± 2°C for 12 hours and record the oven temperature and the sample temperature.

D.6.3 Results

D.6.3.1 Non-activated carbon, non-activated charcoal, carbon black and lamp black fail the test if the temperature at any time during the 12 hours exceeded 200°C.

D.6.3.2 Activated carbon and activated charcoal fail the test if the temperature at any time during the 12 hours exceeded 400°C.

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2.5.1 With regard to first-aid treatment, reference is made in the schedules to the Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods (MFAG).

2.5.2 In the event of any dangerous materials coming in contact with the skin and particularly the eyes, then the affected areas should be immediately washed with copious quantities of water for 10 to 15 minutes.

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 27-11-1997

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 27-11-1997

4.1 No person should enter a space that has been isolated from the surrounding atmosphere unless he is authorized to do so by the master or responsible officer, who should ensure that all appropriate safety checks listed in section 6 have been carried out.

4.2 The atmosphere in any such space may be incapable of supporting human life. It may be lacking in oxygen content or contain flammable or toxic gases and vapours. THIS ALSO APPLIES TO TANKS WHICH HAVE BEEN INERTED.

4.3 At all times other than during loading or discharging operations, access openings to cargo holds should be kept locked. The details of the locking arrangements should be entered into the ship's log-book.

4.4 The master or responsible officer should ensure that it is safe to enter a space by:
.1 ensuring that the space has been thoroughly ventilated;
.2 testing the atmosphere of the space at different levels for oxygen deficiency and harmful gases or vapours where suitable instruments are available; and
.3 requiring self-contained breathing apparatus to be worn by all persons entering the space except as noted in 5.1 below.

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5 Special requirements

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 27-11-1997

5.1 No person should enter a space that has been isolated from the surrounding atmosphere for a period of time without wearing a self- contained breathing apparatus unless such space has been thoroughly ventilated immediately before and it has been ascertained by means of gas-detecting (vapour-detecting) equipment that the atmosphere in the space contains the normal level of oxygen, and that no harmful vapours exist.

5.2 Even when a space has been found safe for entering, it should be monitored for as long as any person is inside. The responsible person in attendance should have informed himself of the potential hazards involved and should remain outside the space. Potential hazards include the spontaneous formation of gases after a given measurement of gas concentration.

5.3 Instructions for the use of the equipment should be provided and carefully observed. All measurements should be made by a person familiar with the equipment.

5.4 Where a further self-contained breathing apparatus is available, it should be kept ready for immediate use by the responsible person in attendance at the entrance to the space, together with any other means of rescue.

5.5 All those entering such a space should wear suitable clothing and make use of protective equipment provided on board for their safety. Access ladders and surfaces within the space may be slippery, and suitable footwear should be worn. Safety helmets protect against falling objects and, in a confined space, against head injuries. Loose clothing, which is likely to catch on obstructions, should be avoided. Additional precautions are necessary where there is a risk of contact with harmful chemicals. Safety harnesses, belts and lifelines should be worn and used where there is any danger of falling.

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6 Safety checklist

Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 27-11-1997

Before entering a space that has been isolated from the surrounding atmosphere for a period of time, all the appropriate safety checks listed below must be carried out by the master or responsible officer and by the person who is to enter the space; the confirmation that safety checks have satisfactorily been completed should be entered into the ship's log-book.

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Ingangsdatum: 15-11-1979

Geldig tot en met: 02-12-2004

Diagram gas sampling point

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Versie	Geldigheidsdatum	Status
3	01-06-2000 t/m 02-12-2004	Was geldig
2	04-06-1999 t/m 31-05-2000	Was geldig
1 [versie op het scherm]	15-11-1979 t/m 03-06-1999	Was geldig

Inhoudsopgave

Alles dichtklappen Alles openklappen

Naar boven

Externe relaties

Themastructuur^

01 Foreword

02 Introduction

Section 01 Definitions

Section 02 General precautions

2.1 Cargo distribution

2.2 Loading and unloading

Section 03 Safety of personnel and ship

3.1 General requirements

3.2 Poisoning, corrosive and asphyxiation hazards

3.3 Health hazards due to dust

3.4 Flammable atmosphere

3.5 Ventilation

3.6 Grain under in-transit fumigation

Section 04 Assessment of acceptability of consignments for safe shipment

4.1 Provision of information

4.2 Certificates of test

4.3 Sampling procedures

4.4 Frequency of sampling and testing for "flow moisture point" and "moisture content" determination

4.5 Sampling procedures for concentrate stockpiles

4.6 Standardized sampling procedures

Section 05 Trimming procedure

5.1 General precautions

5.2 Specific precautions

Section 06 Methods of determining the angle of repose

Section 07 Cargoes which may liquefy

7.1 Properties, characteristics and hazards

7.2 Precautions

Section 08 Cargoes which may liquefy - test procedures

Section 09 Materials possessing chemical hazards

9.1 General

9.2 Classes of hazard

9.3 Stowage and segregation requirements

9.3.1 General requirements

9.3.2 Special requirements

9.3.3

9.3.4

Section 10 Transport of solid wastes in bulk

10.1 Preamble

10.2 Definitions

10.3 Applicability

10.4 Permitted shipments

10.5 Documentation

10.6 Classification of wastes

10.7 Stowage and handling of wastes

10.8 Segregation

10.9 Accident procedures

Section 11 Stowage factor convention tables

Appendix A List of bulk materials which may liquefy

1 General

2 Mineral concentrates

3 Other materials

Appendix B List of bulk materials possessing chemicals hazards

01 ALUMINIUM PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS *

02 ALUMINIUM FERROSILICON, powder * (including briquettes)

03 ALUMINIUM NITRATE *

04 ALUMINIUM SILICON powder, UNCOATED *

05 AMMONIUM NITRATE *

06 AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZERS * , TYPE A

07 AMMONIUM NITRATE FERTILIZERS * , TYPE B

08 BARIUM NITRATE *

09 BROWN COAL (LIGNITE) BRIQUETTES

10 CALCINED PYRITES (Pyritic ash, Fly ash)*

11 CALCIUM NITRATE *

12 CASTOR BEANS *

13 CHARCOAL *

14 COAL *

15 COPRA, * dry

16 DIRECT REDUCED IRON, DRI *

17 DIRECT REDUCED IRON *

18 FERROPHOSPHORUS *

19 FERROSILICON, * with 30% or more but less than 90% silicon

20 FERROSILICON, * containing 25% to 30% silicon, or 90% or more silicon

21 FERROUS METAL, BORINGS, SHAVINGS, TURNINGS OR CUTTINGS in a form liable to self-heating *

22 FISHMEAL, STABILIZED * / FISHSCRAP, STABILIZED *,

23 FLUORSPAR * (calcium fluoride)

24 IRON OXIDE, spent * / IRON SPONGE, spent *

25 LEAD NITRATE *

26 LIME * (UNSLAKED)