Onderwerp: Bezoek-historie

MSC./Circ.1101 - Ship/Port Interface
Geldigheid:09-08-2003 t/m 11-09-2018Versie:1/3▶vergelijk Status: Was geldig

Dit onderwerp bevat de volgende rubrieken.

 

 

         Ref. T3/3.01                                                                                                               MSC/Circ.1101

 

         MEPC/Circ.409

 

     FAL/Circ.100

 

           8 September 2003

 

 

                   Availability oftugassistance

 

1             TheFacilitationCommitteeatitsthirtiethsession (27 to 31 January 2003), the Maritime Safety  Committee  at  its  seventy-seventh  session  (28  May  to  6 June 2003)  and  the  Marine EnvironmentProtectionCommitteeatitsforty-ninthsession(14to18July2003),recognizingthe importanceoftheprovisionofadequatetugassistanceinportsforensuringmaritimeandportsafety, theprotectionofthemarineenvironmentandthefacilitationofmaritimetraffic,approvedthe issuanceofthiscirculartoassistportauthoritiesandportoperatorsinassessingtheadequacyofthe tug services in their ports.

 

 

2             Theannextothiscircular,whichcontainsadetailedlistofthecontentsoftheNautical

 

Institutespublication`TugUseinPorts“APracticalGuide”*,providesguidanceforconductingsuch anassessment.  Thekeyelementstobeconsidered,whencarryingouttheassessment,arethose highlighted in bold italics.  Presently this publication is only available in the English language.

 

 

3             MemberGovernmentsareinvitedtobringthiscirculartotheattentionofadministrations, port authorities, port operators, pilot organizations and tug services.

 

 

 

 

 

***

 

 

 

 ___________________________________

 

*  Thepublication(ISBN1870077393)canbeobtainedfrom;

 

 

TheNauticalInstitute

 

202LambethRoad LondonSE17LQ UnitedKingdom

 

Tel:+4402079281351

 

Fax:+4402074012817

 

E-mail: pubs@nautinst.org

 

Website:www.nautinst.org

 

 

 

 

Permanente link

Annex

LIST OF CONTENTS OF THE PUBLICATION

 

“TUG USE IN PORTS - A PRACTICAL GUIDE”

 

 

 

Remark:

 

 

TheChaptersareshowninboldcapitalletters,whilethesectionheadingsareshowninbold letters.

 

Keyelementstobeconsideredwhenconductinganassessmentontheadequacyoftugservicesare highlighted in bold italics .

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgement

 

Foreword

 

 

Author's preface

 

Tug-use in Port- The Overview

 

Glossary of Terms

 

List of figures

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Eight - Training And Tug Simulation

8.1      Reasonfortraining

 

 

8.2      Differenttrainingobjectives

 

 

8.2.1    Basic theoretical-practical training

 

The following main subjects are important: For pilot training:

 

-           Ship handling

 

 

-          Knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of tugs while rendering assistance

 

 

For tug captain training:

 

-           Handling of a free sailing tug

 

 

 

-          Knowledgeofthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofshipsandoftugswhilerendering

 

 

assistance

 

 

-           Whatknowledgeoftugsandtuguseisrequiredbyapilot?

 

 

-           Whatisusefulforatugcaptaintoknowaboutships?

 

 

-           Additionaltrainingaspects

 

 

-          Howcanbasictrainingbegiven?

 

 

8.2.2       Trainingforspecificsituationsandconditions

 

 

8.2.3       Trainingforaplannednewport,harbourbasinorberth

 

 

8.2.4       Trainingforspecificshipscomingtoaport

 

 

8.2.5       Trainingforanewtypeoftugtobeusedinaport

 

 

8.2.6       Howthespecifictrainingcoursescanbegiven

 

 

-          Combinedtraining

 

 

-          Theuseofshipmanoeuvringsimulators

 

 

8.3      Calculatingandsimulatingtugperformancewithdesktopcomputers

 

 

8.3.1      Tugperformancecalculationprograms

 

 

8.3.2      Fasttimemanoeuvringsimulationprograms

 

 

8.3.3      Real-timesimulationondesktopsimulators

 

 

8.4      Simulationbyremote-controlledtugmodels

 

 

8.5      Tugsimulationusingbridgemanoeuvringsimulators

 

 

8.5.1      Requirementsforcorrecttugsimulations

 

 

8.5.2      Developmentintugsimulationtowardsinteractivetugs

 

 

-     Simplevectortugmodels

 

 

-     Simplevectortugmodelscombinedwithtugcaptainexperience

 

 

-    Advancedvectormodels

 

 

-    Tugsimulatedonamonitor(bird'seyeview)andoperatedbytugcaptains

 

 

-     Interactivetugsimulation

 

 

8.5.3      Importantaspectsforinteractivetugsimulation

 

 

-           Visualpresentationandorientationofcontrolhandles

 

 

-           Tugperformanceinwaveconditions

 

 

 

              -          Otherpracticalaspects

 

 

 

-                 Heelingangle

 

 

-                 Enginenoise

 

 

-                 Controlhandles

 

 

-                 Towline/fendercharacteristics

 

 

8.5.4      Methodoftugsimulationtobeused

 

 

8.6      Simulatortraining

 

 

8.6.1      Enhancedtrainingpossibilities

 

 

8.6.2      Stepstobetakenforasimulatortrainingsetup

 

 

-   Anaccuratedefinitionoftrainingneedsandtrainingobjectives

 

 

-   Adefinitionoftrainingrequirements

 

 

-    Anassessmentofwhetherthesimulatorinstitutecanmeetthetrainingrequirements

 

 

-    Avalidationphase

 

 

-    Adefinitionoftrainingprogrammes

 

 

8.7      Areasoftugsimulationthatneedfurtherattention

 

 

-    Tugmodeltests

 

 

-    Effectofangleofheelandtrimonforcesonatug'shullandappendages

 

 

-    Influenceofwavesontugperformance

 

 

-    Influenceofflowaroundshipandofwaterdepthandconfinement

 

 

-    Influenceofatug'spropellerwashonship'shull

 

 

-    Towingandpushingforces

 

 

-    Thruster-tughullinteractionandthruster-thrusterinteraction

 

 

-         Out-of-thewindowviewforinteractivetugs

 

 

-    Visualizationoftowlinebehaviour

 

 

8.8      Conclusions

Permanente link

Chapter Five - Bollard Pull Required

5.1      Introduction

 

 

-   The phase whereby a ship has reasonable speed

 

 

-    The intermediate phase

 

                 

-   The phase involving the final part of the arrival manoeuvre

 

 

 

5.2      Factorsinfluencingtotalbollardpullrequired

 

 

The following main factors influence tug assistance:

 

 

-           Port particulars, including:

 

 

Restrictions  in  the  fairway,  port  entrance,  passage  to  a  berth,  turning  circle, manoeuvringspaceataberthorharbourbasin,availablestoppingdistance,locks, bridges moored vessels, water depths, speed restrictions, and so on.

 

-           Berth construction, including:

 

 

Type of berth: open, e.g. jetty, or solid

 

 

-     The ship, including:

 

 

Type,size,draftandunderkeelclearance,trim,windage,andfactorssuchasengine powerahead/astern,propellertype,manoeuvringperformanceandavailabilityofside thrusters and specific rudders

 

-     Environmental conditions, including:

 

 

Wind, current,waves,visibility,ice

 

 

-     Method of tug assistance, including:

 

 

Towing onaline,operatingataship'ssideoracombinationofmethods

 

 

5.2.1    Wind forces

 

 

5.2.2    Current forces

 

 

5.2.3    Wave forces

 

 

5.2.4    The effect of ship's mass and berth construction

 

 

5.2.5    Tug wash effect

 

 

 

5.3      Bollardpullrequired

 

 

5.3.1    Bollard pull required based on environmental conditions and displacement

 

 

-   Ships affected by current, wind and/or waves

 

 

-    Ships with large displacements

 

 

5.3.2    Number and total bollard pull of tugs a used in a number of ports

 

 

5.3.3    Summary

 

 

5.3.4    Influence oftariffs on availability and number oftugs used

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Four - Tug Capabilities And Limitations

4.1 Introduction

 

 

Apart from the essential issue of bollard pull, two very important aspects are considered:

 

 

-   Correct tug positioning

 

 

-    The right type of tug

 

 

 

 

4.2      Basicprinciplesanddefinitions

 

 

4.2.1    Pivot point

 

 

4.2.2    Towingpoint,pushingpointandlateralcentreofpressure.   Directtowingandindirect towing.  Skegs

 

-    The towing point

 

 

-    The lateral centre ofpressure

 

 

-   Direct and indirect towing method

 

 

-   Pushing point

 

 

-    Skegs and their effect

 

 

4.2.3    Stability

 

 

-          High GM and good dynamic stability

 

 

-         Reducing the transverse resistance of the hull

 

 

-         Reducing the height of the towing point

 

 

-          Reducing the height of the pushing point

 

 

-          A towline with good shock absorption characteristics

 

 

-          Tugfreeboardbeingsuchthatthedeckedgeisnotimmersedattoosmallaheeling angle

 

 

 

 

4.3      Capabilitiesandlimitations

 

 

4.3.1    Capabilities and limitations of tug types

 

 

-    Tugs towing on a line

 

 

-       Forward tugs towing on a line

 

 

-       Stern tugs towing on a line

 

 

-    Tugs operating at a ship's side

 

 

-       Pushing method

 

 

 

                          -       Pulling mode

 

 

-       Stopping assistance

 

 

-          Summary

 

 

-       Conventional tugs

 

 

-       Tractor and reverse-tractor tugs

 

 

-       ADS-tugs

 

 

4.3.2    Effectiveness of tug types

 

 

-    Performance diagrams

 

 

-       PerformanceofaconventionalandanADS-tugwhenpushingatashipunderwayat speed

 

-       Performance of an ADS and VS tug while towing on a line

 

 

-    Speed control & braking assistance

 

 

 

 

4.3.3    Effective tug position

 

 

4.3.4    Towing on a line compared with operating at a ship's side

 

 

 

4.4      Operationallimits

 

 

4.5      Designconsequences

 

 

4.6      Conclusionregardingtugtypes

 

 

4.7      Someotherpracticalaspects

 

-           Co-operation

 

 

-           Communications between pilots and tug captains

 

 

-           Tug use

 

 

-           Speed

 

 

-          Decreasing effectiveness of tugs when a ship gathers speed

 

 

-           Ship pulled or pushed around by a bar tug gathers speed

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Nine - Escort Tugs

9.1      Thebackgroundtoescorting

 

 

9.2      Studiesonescortrequirements

 

 

9.3      Escortingobjectivesandmethods

 

 

9.4      Escortingbynormalharbourtugs

 

 

9.4.1       Tuguse

 

 

9.4.2       Escorttrainingandplanning

 

 

 

9.5      Escortingbypurposebuilttugs

 

 

9.5.1       Typeoftugs,performanceandoperationalrequirements

 

 

-         Types,terminologyandfactorsaffectingperformance

 

 

-          Brakingandsteeringforces

 

 

-          Requiredmaximumspeedfreesailing

 

 

-          Stability

 

 

-         Designdevelopmentsofescorttugs

 

 

-          Additionaltowingpointforescorttractortugs

 

 

-          Deckequipment,towlinesandtowlinehandling

 

 

-          Operatingreliabilityandfailsafe

 

 

-          Communicationandinformationexchange

 

 

-          Activeandpassiveescorting.Versatilityofescorttugs

 

 

-          Escortplanning

 

 

-          Escorttugstandardisation

 

 

9.5.2       Escorttuginuse

 

 

9.5.3       Trainingandpilotage

 

 

9.5.4       Summaryofescorttugrequirements

 

 

 

9.6      Escorttugregulations

 

9.7      Concludingremarks

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter One - Tug Design Factors

1.1     DifferencesinTugDesignandAssistingMethods

 

 

1.2     Factorsinfluencingtugtypeandtugassistance

 

 

1.2.1               Categories of port and their approaches

           a.         Conventional ports

 

b.         Ports with mainly terminals

 

c.         Ports with mainly piers and jetties

 

-    Ports under developments

 

-    Port approaches

 

 

1.2.2    Environmental conditions

 

 

1.2.3    The ships concerned

 

 

1.2.4    Services required in and around the harbour

 

 

1.2.5    Assisting method in use

 

 

1.2.6    Available experience

 

 

1.2.7    Safety requirements

 

 

1.2.8    Summary

 

 

1.3     TypesofTug

 

 

1.4      Assistingmethods

 

 

1.5     Conclusions

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Seven - Towing Equipment

7.1       Introduction

 

 

7.2       Additionaltowingpointsandgobropes

 

 

-          Radial system

 

 

-           Additional fixed towing points

 

 

-           Gob rope system

 

 

 

7.3      Towingbitts,hooksandwinches

 

 

7.3.1    Method of towing and varying towline lengths

 

 

7.3.2    Towing hooks

 

 

7.3.3    Towing winches

 

 

-          Types of different towing winches

 

 

-           Towing winch characteristics

 

 

 

 

7.4      Quickreleasesystems

 

 

7.5      Towlines

 

 

7.5.1    Towline requirements

 

 

covering the following basic requirements:

 

 

-           Strength

 

 

-           Stretch

 

 

-           Weight/Diameter

 

 

-           Life

 

 

7.5.2    Steel wire ropes and synthetic fibre ropes

 

           

-

 

Steel wire ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Lay

 

 

 

-

 

Right hand or left hand lay

 

 

 

-

 

Cross lay and equal lay

 

 

 

-

 

Lang's lay

 

 

 

-

 

Ordinary lay

 

-

 

 

Synthetic fibre ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Left hand and right hand lay

 

 

 

-

 

Three strand ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Six strand ropes with core structure

 

 

 

-

 

Eight strand ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Twelve strand ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Double braid or braid-on-braid and circular braided

 

 

 

-

 

Description of different fibres or ropes

 

 

 

-

 

Polyester

 

 

 

-

 

Nylon

 

 

 

-

 

Polypropylene

 

 

 

-

 

Combinations of materials

 

 

 

-

 

Aramid and HMPE (Dyneema,Spectra)

 

 

 

-

 

Finishes and coatings

 

 

 

-

 

Handling and maintenance of fibre ropes, including towlines

 

 

 

-

 

Damage to towlines

 

 

7.5.3    Composition of towlines

 

 

7.5.4    Basic towline length

 

 

-           Towline length in relation to ship's path width

 

 

-          The effectiveness of a tug on a short steep towline

 

 

-          Tug safety in relation to towline length

 

 

7.5.5    Strength of towline and safety factors

 

 

-    Static forces in short and long towlines

 

 

-    Dynamic forces in short and long towlines

 

 

-    Safetyfactorsregardingtowlinestrength

 

 

7.5.6    Ship's mooring lines as towlines

 

 

 

7.6      Towlinehandling

 

 

7.6.1    Safe handling of towlines aboard ships

 

 

7.6.2    Some methods for passing, taking and/or securing towlines

 

 

-         Cranes for towline handling

 

 

-         Quick release hooks on board ferries

 

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Six - Interaction And Tug Safety

6.1       Introduction

 

 

6.2      Interactionandshallowwatereffects

 

 

6.2.1    Interaction effects influencing tug performance

 

 

-    Tug-propeller & tug hull interaction

 

 

-    Interaction of tug propellers

 

 

-    Tug & ship interaction due to tug fendering

 

 

-    Tug & towline interaction

 

 

-    Tug propeller & ship hull interaction

 

 

-    Tug hull & ship hull interaction

 

 

-    Ship propeller/ship hull & tug interaction

 

 

6.2.2    Shallow water effects with respect to tug assistance

 

 

-    Increase of bank suction and bow cushion effects

 

 

-   Decrease of rudder effect

 

 

-    Possible increment of transverse effect of the propellers

 

 

-    Increase of turning circle radius

 

 

-    Increase of stopping distance due to larger virtual mass

 

 

6.2.3    Interaction effects influencing tug safety

 

 

-    Flow pattern around a ship

 

 

-    Tug & ship interaction with respect to tug safety

 

 

6.2.4    Tug & ship interaction with respect to tug performance

 

 

 

6.3      Tugsafety

 

 

6.3.1    Introduction

 

 

6.3.2    Coming alongside and departing from a ship's side

 

 

6.3.3    Passing a towline near the bow

 

 

6.3.4    Passing a towline at the stern

 

 

6.3.5    Overtaking a bow tug on a line “ Girting ” Tripping

 

 

6.3.6    Forward tug steering broadside

 

 

 

 

6.3.7    Stern tug steering broadside

 

 

6.3.8    Sterntugmanoeuvringfromastandbypositiononstarboardorportquartertowardsa position astern of the ship

 

6.3.9    Stern tug manoeuvring from starboard to port quarter or vice-versa

 

 

6.3.10  Tug operating at ship's side

 

 

6.3.11  Fog

 

 

6.3.12  Some other practical aspects

 

 

-    Bulbous bows

 

 

-    Releasing towlines

 

 

-    Underestimating wind and current forces

 

 

-    Sudden changes in a ship's heading and speed

 

 

-   Ship design consequences

 

 

-    Information exchange pilot-shipmaster-tug captain

 

 

-    Operating bow-to-bow

 

 

6.4      Summaryandconclusions

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Ten - Tug Developments

CHAPTER TEN:TUGDEVELOPMENTS

 

 

10.1     Specialdevelopmentsinthedesignoftugswithazimuththrusters

 

 

10.2     Developmentsingeneral

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDICES

 

 

 

 

1        Portauthorities&towingcompanieswhichprovideinformation

 

 

2        Safetyoftugswhiletowing

 

 

3        Rulesforescortvessels

 

 

 

 

INDEX

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Three - Assisting Methods

3.1 Introduction

 

 

In ports tugs may render one of the following services:

 

 

-    Tugassistanceduringatransittoorfromtheberthincludingassistanceduringmooring and unmooring operations

 

 

-    Tug assistance mainly during mooring and unmooring operations only)

 

 

-    Giving steering assistance and controlling ship's speed

 

 

-   Compensating for wind and current during transit while a ship has speed

 

 

-   Controllingtraversespeedtowardsaberthwhilecompensatingforwindandcurrent during mooring/unmooring operations

 

 

3.2     Assistingmethods

 

 

3.2.1    Assisting methods in use

 

 

There are only two markedly different assisting methods

 

 

-    Tugs towing on a line

 

 

-    Tugs operating at a ship's side

 

 

-   Tugs alongside during approach to the berth and pushing or push while mooring

 

-    Forwardtugalongsideandafttugonalineduringapproachtowardsaberthandpush-pull while mooring

 

-    Tugs towing on a line during transit towards a berth and while mooring

 

 

-    Tugs towing on a line during approach towards a berth and push-pull while mooring

 

 

-    Combinations of above systems

 

 

3.2.2 Relationship between type of tug and assisting method

 

 

3.3     Tugassistanceinice

 

 

3.3.1    Introduction

 

 

3.3.2    Types of ship for manoeuvring in ice

 

 

3.3.3    Preparation before berthing or unberthing

 

 

3.3.4    Tugs and tug assistance

 

 

3.4.4    Berthing in ice

 

 

3.4.5    Unberthing in ice

 

 

3.4.6    Safety of tugs in ice

 

 

Permanente link

Chapter Two - Types Of Harbour Tug

2.1      ClassificationofHarbourTugtypes

 

 

a)   Tugswiththeirpropulsionaftandtowingpointnearmidships.Theseareconventional types of tug

 

b)   Tugswiththeirtowingpointaftandpropulsionforwardofmidships.Thesearetractor tugs.

 

 

2.2      Importantgeneralrequirementsand/orgoodtugperformance

 

 

2.2.1    Tug performance and safety

 

 

-    Response time

 

 

-    Effectiveness and safety of operations

 

 

-   Required manoeuvring space

 

 

2.2.2    Wheelhouse construction and layout

 

 

-   Visibility

 

 

-    Manoeuvring stations

 

 

-    Communication

 

 

2.2.3    Tug superstructure and underwater design

 

 

2.2.4    Fendering

 

 

2.3      Conventionaltypesoftug

 

 

2.3.1    General

 

 

2.3.2    Propulsion and rudders

 

 

-    Propulsion and propeller control

 

 

-    Propeller efficiency and manoeuvrability

 

 

-    Movable flap-rudders

 

 

-   Schilling rudders

 

 

-    Flanking rudders

 

 

-    Towmaster system

 

 

-   Other systems

 

 

-    Bow thruster

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.3.3    Manoeuvring conventional tugs

 

 

-    Single screw tugs

 

 

-    Twin screw tugs

 

 

2.3.4    Conventional tugs in shiphandling

 

 

 

 

2.4      Combi-Tugs

 

 

2.4.1    Designing and manoeuvring combi-tugs

 

 

2.4.2    Combi-tugs in shiphandling

 

 

 

 

2.5      Tractor-tugswithcycloidalpropellers

 

 

2.5.1    Design

 

 

2.5.2    Propeller control

 

 

2.5.3    Manoeuvring

 

 

2.5.4    VS tugs in shiphandling

 

 

 

 

2.6      Tractortugswithazimuthpropellers

 

 

2.6.1    Design

 

 

2.6.2    Propeller control

 

 

2.6.3    Manoeuvring

 

 

2.6.4    Azimuth tractor tugs in shiphandling

 

 

 

 

2.7      Reverse-tractortugs

 

 

2.7.1    Design

 

 

2.7.2   Propeller control, manoeuvring capabilities and shiphandling

 

 

2.8      AzimuthSternDrive(ADS)tugs

 

 

2.8.1    Design

 

 

2.8.2    Propeller control, manoeuvring capabilities and shiphandling

 

 

 

2.9      Tugperformance

 

 

Permanente link
Permanente link

Inhoudsopgave

Alles dichtklappenAlles openklappen
Naar boven