477(XII) Performance standards for radar equipment (MSC.64(67))

THE ASSEMBLY,

RECALLING Article 16(i) of the Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization,

BEARING IN MIND the provisions of Regulation 12, Chapter V, of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and the proposed amendments to that regulation,

RECALLING ALSO resolution A.222(VII) by which it adopted performance standards
for radar equipment,

RECOGNIZING the desirability of making such performance standards compatible with the Performance Standards for Automatic Radar Plotting Aids(ARPA) (resolution A. 422(XI)) and with resolution A.423(XI) on radar beacons and transponders,

HAVING CONSIDERED the recommendation made by the Maritime Safety Committee
at its forty-second session,

1. ADOPTS the Recommendation on Performance Standards for Radar Equipment set out in  the Annex to the present resolution;
2. RECOMMENDS Member Governments to ensure that:

 

 

(a) Radar equipment installed on or after 1 September 1984 conforms to performance standards not inferior to those specified in the Annex to the present resolution;

(b) Radar equipment installed before 1 September 1984 conforms at least to the performance standards set out in resolution A.222(VII).

 

Ingangsdatum: 01-09-1984

THE ASSEMBLY,

RECALLING Article 16(i) of the Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization,

BEARING IN MIND the provisions of Regulation 12, Chapter V, of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and the proposed amendments to that regulation,

RECALLING ALSO resolution A.222(VII) by which it adopted performance standards
for radar equipment,

RECOGNIZING the desirability of making such performance standards compatible with the Performance Standards for Automatic Radar Plotting Aids(ARPA) (resolution A. 422(XI)) and with resolution A.423(XI) on radar beacons and transponders,

HAVING CONSIDERED the recommendation made by the Maritime Safety Committee
at its forty-second session,

1. ADOPTS the Recommendation on Performance Standards for Radar Equipment set out in  the Annex to the present resolution;
2. RECOMMENDS Member Governments to ensure that:

 

 

(a) Radar equipment installed on or after 1 September 1984 conforms to performance standards not inferior to those specified in the Annex to the present resolution;

(b) Radar equipment installed before 1 September 1984 conforms at least to the performance standards set out in resolution A.222(VII).

 

Annex Recommendation on performance standards for radar equipment

Ingangsdatum: 01-09-1984

1 Application

1.1 This Recommendation applies to all ships' radar equipment installed on or after 1 September 1984 in compliance with Regulation 12, Chapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended.

1.2 Radar equipment installed before 1 September 1984 should comply at least with the performance standards recommended in resolution A.222(VII).

Ingangsdatum: 01-09-1984

Geldig tot en met: 31-12-1998

1.1 This Recommendation applies to all ships' radar equipment installed on or after 1 September 1984 in compliance with Regulation 12, Chapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended.

1.2 Radar equipment installed before 1 September 1984 should comply at least with the performance standards recommended in resolution A.222(VII).

1 Introduction

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

IN addition to the general requirements contained in resolution A.694(17) all radar installations
should comply with the following minimum requirements.

2 General

The radar equipment should provide an indication, in relation to the ship, of the position of other surface craft and obstructions and of buoys, shorelines and navigational marks in a manner which will assist in navigation and in avoiding collision.

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

The radar equipment should provide an indication, indication to the ship of the position of other surface craft and obstructions and of buoys, shorelines and navigational marks in a manner which will assist in navigation and in avoiding collision.

3 All radar installations

All radar installations should comply with the following minimum requirements.

3.1 Range performance
The operational requirement under normal propagation conditions, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 metres above sea level, is that the equipment should in the absence of clutter give a clear indication of:

.1 Coastlines

At 20 nautical miles when the ground rises to 60 metres
At 7 nautical miles when the ground rises to 6 metres.
.2 Surface objects

At 7 nautical miles a ship of 5,000 tons gross tonnage, whatever her aspect.
At 3 nautical miles a small vessel of 10 metres in length.
At 2 nautical miles an object such as a navigational buoy having an effective echoing area of approximately 10 square metres

 

3.2 Minimum range
The surface objects specified in 3.1.2 should be clearly displayed from a minimum range of 50 metres up to a range of one nautical mile, without changing the setting of controls other than the range selector.

 

 

 

3.3 Display
3.3.1 The equipment should without external magnification provide a relative plan display in the head-up unstabilized mode with an effective diameter of not less than:

1. 180 millimetres* on ships of 500 tons gross tonnage and more but less than 1,600 tons gross tonnage;
2. 250 millimetres* on ships of 1,600 tons gross tonnage and more but less than 10,000 tons gross tonnage;
3. 340 millimetres* in the case of one display and 250 millimetres in the case of the other on ships of 10,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards.

3.3.2 The equipment should provide one of the two following sets of range scales of display:

1. 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 nautical miles and one range scale of not less than 0.5 and not greater than 0.8 nautical miles; or
2. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 nautical miles.

3.3.3 Additional range scales may be provided.

3.3.4 The range scale displayed and the distance between range rings should be clearly indicated at all times.

 

3.4 Range measurement
3.4.1 Fixed electronic range rings should be provided for range measurements as follows:

1. where range scales are provided in accordance with 3.3.2.1, on the range scale of between 0.5 and 0.8 nautical miles at least two range rings should be provided and on each of the other range scales six range rings should be provided, or
2. where range scales are provided in accordance with 3.3.2.2, four range rings should be provided on each of the range scales.

3.4.2 A variable electronic range marker should be provided with a numeric readout of range.

3.4.3 The fixed range rings and the variable range marker should enable the range of an object to be measured with an error not exceeding 1.5 per cent of the maximum range of the scale in use, or 70 metres, whichever is the greater.

3.4.4 It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the fixed range rings and the variable range marker and to remove them completely from the display.

3.5 Heading indicator
3.5.1 The heading of the ship should be indicated by a line on the display with a maximum error not greater than plus or minus 1 degree. The thickness of the displayed heading line should not be greater than 0.5 degrees.

3.5.2 Provision should be made to switch off the heading indicator by a device which cannot be left in the "heading marker off" position.

3.6 Bearing measurement
3.6.1 Provision should be made to obtain quickly the bearing of any object whose echo appears on the display.

3.6.2 The means provided for obtaining bearings should enable the bearing of a target whose echo appears at the edge of the display to be measured with an accuracy of plus or minus 1 degree or better.

3.7 Discrimination
3.7.1 The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications on a range scale of 2 nautical miles or less, two small similar targets at a range of between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of the range scale in use, and on the same azimuth, separated by not more than 50 metres in range.

3.7.2 The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications two small similar targets both situated at the same range between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of the 1.5 or 2 mile range scales, and separated by not more than 2.5 degrees in azimuth.

3.8 Roll or pitch

The performance of the equipment should be such that when the ship is rolling or pitching up to plus or minus 10 degrees the range performance requirements of 3.1 and 3.2 continue to be met.

3.9 Scan
The scan should be clockwise, continuous and automatic through 360 degrees of azimuth. The scan rate should be not less than 12 revolutions per minute. The equipment should operate satisfactorily in relative wind speeds of up to 100 knots.

3.10 Azimuth stabilization
3.10.1 Means should be provided to enable the display to be stabilized in azimuth by a transmitting compass. The equipment should be provided with a compass input to enable it to be stabilized in azimuth. The accuracy of alignment with the compass transmission should be within 0.5 degrees with a compass rotation rate of 2 revolutions per minute.

3.10.2 The equipment should operate satisfactorily in the unstabilized mode when the compass control is inoperative.

3.11 Performance check
Means should be available, while the equipment is used operationally, to determine readily a significant drop in performance relative to a calibration standard established at the time of installation, and to check that the equipment is correctly tuned in the absence of targets.

3.12 Anti-clutter devices
Suitable means should be provided for the suppression of unwanted echoes from sea clutter, rain and other forms of precipitation, clouds and sandstorms. It should be possible to adjust manually and continuously the anti-clutter controls. Anti-clutter controls should be inoperative in the fully anti-clockwise positions. In addition, automatic anti-clutter controls may be provided; however, they must be capable of being switched off.

3.13 Operation
3.13.1 The equipment should be capable of being switched on and operated from the display position.

3.13.2 Operational controls should be accessible and easy to identify and use. Where symbols are used they should comply with the recommendations of the Organization on symbols for controls on marine navigational radar equipment.

3.13.3 After switching on from cold the equipment should become fully operational within 4 minutes.

3.13.4 A standby condition should be provided from which the equipment can be brought to an operational condition within 15 seconds.

3.14 Interference
After installation and adjustment on board, the bearing accuracy as prescribed in this Recommendation should be maintained without further adjustment irrespective of the movement of the ship in the earth's magnetic field.

3.15 Sea or ground stabilization (true motion display)
3.15.1 Where sea or ground stabilization is provided the accuracy and discrimination of the display should be at least equivalent to that required by this Recommendation.

3.15.2 The motion of the trace origin should not, except under manual override conditions, continue to a point beyond 75 per cent of the radius of the display. Automatic resetting may be provided.

3.16 Antenna system
The antenna system should be installed in such a manner that the design efficiency of the radar system is not substantially impaired.

3.17 Operation with radar beacons
3.17.1 All radars operating in the 3 centimetre band should be capable of operating in a horizontally polarized mode.

3.17.2 It should be possible to switch off those signal processing facilities which might prevent a radar beacon from being shown on the radar display.

 

---

 

^* Display diameters of 180, 250 and 340 milimetres correspond respectively to 9, 12 and 16 inch cathode ray tubes.

Ingangsdatum: 01-09-1984

Geldig tot en met: 31-12-1998

All radar installations should comply with the following minimum requirements.

3.1 Range performance
The operational requirement under normal propagation conditions, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 metres above sea level, is that the equipment should in the absence of clutter give a clear indication of:

.1 Coastlines

At 20 nautical miles when the ground rises to 60 metres
At 7 nautical miles when the ground rises to 6 metres.
.2 Surface objects

At 7 nautical miles a ship of 5,000 tons gross tonnage, whatever her aspect.
At 3 nautical miles a small vessel of 10 metres in length.
At 2 nautical miles an object such as a navigational buoy having an effective echoing area of approximately 10 square metres

 

3.2 Minimum range
The surface objects specified in 3.1.2 should be clearly displayed from a minimum range of 50 metres up to a range of one nautical mile, without changing the setting of controls other than the range selector.

 

 

 

3.3 Display
3.3.1 The equipment should without external magnification provide a relative plan display in the head-up unstabilized mode with an effective diameter of not less than:

1. 180 millimetres* on ships of 500 tons gross tonnage and more but less than 1,600 tons gross tonnage;
2. 250 millimetres* on ships of 1,600 tons gross tonnage and more but less than 10,000 tons gross tonnage;
3. 340 millimetres* in the case of one display and 250 millimetres in the case of the other on ships of 10,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards.

3.3.2 The equipment should provide one of the two following sets of range scales of display:

1. 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 nautical miles and one range scale of not less than 0.5 and not greater than 0.8 nautical miles; or
2. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 nautical miles.

3.3.3 Additional range scales may be provided.

3.3.4 The range scale displayed and the distance between range rings should be clearly indicated at all times.

 

3.4 Range measurement
3.4.1 Fixed electronic range rings should be provided for range measurements as follows:

1. where range scales are provided in accordance with 3.3.2.1, on the range scale of between 0.5 and 0.8 nautical miles at least two range rings should be provided and on each of the other range scales six range rings should be provided, or
2. where range scales are provided in accordance with 3.3.2.2, four range rings should be provided on each of the range scales.

3.4.2 A variable electronic range marker should be provided with a numeric readout of range.

3.4.3 The fixed range rings and the variable range marker should enable the range of an object to be measured with an error not exceeding 1.5 per cent of the maximum range of the scale in use, or 70 metres, whichever is the greater.

3.4.4 It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the fixed range rings and the variable range marker and to remove them completely from the display.

3.5 Heading indicator
3.5.1 The heading of the ship should be indicated by a line on the display with a maximum error not greater than plus or minus 1 degree. The thickness of the displayed heading line should not be greater than 0.5 degrees.

3.5.2 Provision should be made to switch off the heading indicator by a device which cannot be left in the "heading marker off" position.

3.6 Bearing measurement
3.6.1 Provision should be made to obtain quickly the bearing of any object whose echo appears on the display.

3.6.2 The means provided for obtaining bearings should enable the bearing of a target whose echo appears at the edge of the display to be measured with an accuracy of plus or minus 1 degree or better.

3.7 Discrimination
3.7.1 The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications on a range scale of 2 nautical miles or less, two small similar targets at a range of between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of the range scale in use, and on the same azimuth, separated by not more than 50 metres in range.

3.7.2 The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications two small similar targets both situated at the same range between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of the 1.5 or 2 mile range scales, and separated by not more than 2.5 degrees in azimuth.

3.8 Roll or pitch

The performance of the equipment should be such that when the ship is rolling or pitching up to plus or minus 10 degrees the range performance requirements of 3.1 and 3.2 continue to be met.

3.9 Scan
The scan should be clockwise, continuous and automatic through 360 degrees of azimuth. The scan rate should be not less than 12 revolutions per minute. The equipment should operate satisfactorily in relative wind speeds of up to 100 knots.

3.10 Azimuth stabilization
3.10.1 Means should be provided to enable the display to be stabilized in azimuth by a transmitting compass. The equipment should be provided with a compass input to enable it to be stabilized in azimuth. The accuracy of alignment with the compass transmission should be within 0.5 degrees with a compass rotation rate of 2 revolutions per minute.

3.10.2 The equipment should operate satisfactorily in the unstabilized mode when the compass control is inoperative.

3.11 Performance check
Means should be available, while the equipment is used operationally, to determine readily a significant drop in performance relative to a calibration standard established at the time of installation, and to check that the equipment is correctly tuned in the absence of targets.

3.12 Anti-clutter devices
Suitable means should be provided for the suppression of unwanted echoes from sea clutter, rain and other forms of precipitation, clouds and sandstorms. It should be possible to adjust manually and continuously the anti-clutter controls. Anti-clutter controls should be inoperative in the fully anti-clockwise positions. In addition, automatic anti-clutter controls may be provided; however, they must be capable of being switched off.

3.13 Operation
3.13.1 The equipment should be capable of being switched on and operated from the display position.

3.13.2 Operational controls should be accessible and easy to identify and use. Where symbols are used they should comply with the recommendations of the Organization on symbols for controls on marine navigational radar equipment.

3.13.3 After switching on from cold the equipment should become fully operational within 4 minutes.

3.13.4 A standby condition should be provided from which the equipment can be brought to an operational condition within 15 seconds.

3.14 Interference
After installation and adjustment on board, the bearing accuracy as prescribed in this Recommendation should be maintained without further adjustment irrespective of the movement of the ship in the earth's magnetic field.

3.15 Sea or ground stabilization (true motion display)
3.15.1 Where sea or ground stabilization is provided the accuracy and discrimination of the display should be at least equivalent to that required by this Recommendation.

3.15.2 The motion of the trace origin should not, except under manual override conditions, continue to a point beyond 75 per cent of the radius of the display. Automatic resetting may be provided.

3.16 Antenna system
The antenna system should be installed in such a manner that the design efficiency of the radar system is not substantially impaired.

3.17 Operation with radar beacons
3.17.1 All radars operating in the 3 centimetre band should be capable of operating in a horizontally polarized mode.

3.17.2 It should be possible to switch off those signal processing facilities which might prevent a radar beacon from being shown on the radar display.

 

---

 

^* Display diameters of 180, 250 and 340 milimetres correspond respectively to 9, 12 and 16 inch cathode ray tubes.

3 Radar

3.1 Range performance
The operational requirement under normal propagation conditions, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level, is that the equipment should in the absence of clutter give a clear indication of:

.1 Coastlines

At 20 nautical miles when the ground rises to 60m.
At 7 nautical miles when the ground rises to 6m..2 Surface objects

At 7 nautical miles a ship of 5,000 gross tonnage, whatever her aspect.
At 3 nautical miles a small vessel of 10 m in length.
At 2 nautical miles an object such as a navigational buoy having an effective echoing area of approximately 10m².

 

3.2 Minimum range
The surface object specified in 3.1.2 should be clearly displayed from a minimum horizontal range of 50 m from the antenna position up to a range or 1 nautical mile, without changing the setting of controls other than the range selector.

3.3 Display
3.3.1 The equipment should provide, without external magnification, a daylight display with a minimum effective diameter with the bearing scale of not less than:

1. 180 mm on ships of 150* gross tonnage and more but less than 1,000* gross tonnage;
2. 250 mm on ships of 1,000* gross tonnage and more but less than 10,000* gross tonnage;
   and
3. 340 mm on ships of 10,000* gross tonnage and upwards.

3.3.2 The equipment should provide the following set of range scale of display: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 nautical miles.

3.3.4 The range scale displayed and the distance between range ring should be clearly indicated at all times.

3.3.5 Within the effective display radar video area, the display should only contain information which pertains the use of the radar display for navigation collision avoidance and which gas to be displayed there because of its association with a target (e.q. target identifiers, vectors) or because of some other direct relationship with the radar display.

3.3.6 The origin of the range scale (radar video) should start at own ship, be linear and should not be delayed.

3.3.7 Multi-colour displays are permitted but the following requirements should be met:

1. target echoes should be displayed by means of the same basic colours and the echo strength should not be displayed indifferent colours; and
2. additional information may be shown in different colours.

3.3.8 The radar picture and information should be readable under all ambient light conditions. If a light shield is necessary to facilitate operation of the display in high ambient light levels, then means should be provided for its ready attachment and removal.

3.3.9 Selected parts of the System Electronic Navigation Chart (SENC) information may be displayed in such a way that the radar information is not masked, obscured or degraded. If SENC information is made available for a radar display it should at least include coastlines, own ship's safety contour, dangers to navigation and fixed and floating aids to navigation. The mariner should be able to select those parts of the SENC, which can be made available and the mariner requires to be displayed.

3.3.10 For the superimposition of selected parts of the SENC:

1. Reference management
   Reference management is required to ensure that the information displayed is correlated and in the same reference and co-ordinate system;
2. Display Area
   the whole effective display area should contain the available radar and SENC information;
3. Matching and adjustment
   in case of any deviations between the chart image and the radar image through detectable causes, manual adjustment should be possible. Any manual adjustment should be clearly indicated as long as it is activated. Resetting should be possible in a simple manner;
4. priority in the display
   the display of radar information should have priority;
5. Stability
   The equipment should be capable of appropriately stabilizing the radar image, ARPA vectors and SENC information. The operating mode should be clearly indicated; and
6. Independence of Radar/ARPA and SENC
   6.1 the SENC information should not have an adverse effect on the radar picture;
   6.2 Radar/ARPA information and SENC information should be clearly recognizable as such; and
   6.3 in the case of a malfunction of one component, the function of the other component should not be affected.

3.3.11 The frequency band in use should be indicated to the operator.

3.4 Range measurement
3.4.1 Electronic fixed range rings should be provided for range measurements as follows:

1. on the range scale 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 nautical miles at least two and not more than six range rings should be provided, on each of the other mandatory range scales six range rings should be provided; and
2. where off-centred facilities have been provided, additional range rings should be provided at the same range intervals.

3.4.2 An electronic variable range marker in the form of a ring should be provided with a numeric readout of range. This readout should not display any other data. For ranges of less than 1 nautical mile, there should be only one zero before the decimal point. Additional variable range markers may be provided.

3.4.3. The fixed range rings and the variable range markers should enable the range of an object to be measured with an error not exceeding 1% of the maximum range of the scale in use, or 30m, whichever is the greater.

3.4.4 The accuracy should be maintained when the display is off-centred.

3.4.5 The thickness of the fixed range rings should not be greater than the maximum permissible.
3.4.6 On all range scales, it should be possible to set the variable maker with the required precision within 5 s in all cases. A range that is set by the user should not change automatically when the range scale is changed.

3.5 Heading indication
3.5.1 The heading of the ship should be indicated by a continuous line on the display with a maximum error of not greater than 1°. The thickness of the displayed heading line should not be greater than 0.5° measured at maximum range at the edge of the radar display. The heading line should extend from the trace origin to the edge of the display.

3.5.2 Provision should be made to switch off the heading indicator by a device which cannot be left in the "heading line off" position.

3.5.3 A heading marker should be displayed on the bearing scale.

3.6 Bearing measurement
3.6.1 An Electronic Bearing Line, (EBL), should be provided with a numeric readout of bearing to obtain with 5s the bearing of any object whose echo appears on the display.

3.6.2 The EBL should enable the bearing go a target whose echo appears at the edge of the display to the display to be measured with m maximum error of not greater than ±1°.

3.6.3 The EBL should be displayed on the screen in such a way that it is clearly distinguishable from the heading indicator.

3.6.4 It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the EBL. This variation may be separate or combined with the intensity of other markers. IT should be possible to remove the EBL completely from the screen.

3.6.5 The rotation of the EBL should be possible in both directions continuously or in steps of not more than 0.2°.

3.6.6 The numeric readout of the bearing of the EBL should be displayed with at least 4 digits, including one after the decimal point. The EBL readout should not be used to display any other data. There should be a positive identification of whether the bearing indicated is a relative bearing or a true bearing.

3.6.7 A bearing scale around the edge of the display should be provided. Linear or non-linear bearing scale may be provided.

3.6.8 The bearing scale should have division marks for at least each 5°, with the 5° and 10° divisions clearly distinguishable from each other. Numbers should clearly identify at least each 30° division.

3.6.9 It should be possible to measure the bearing relative to the heading line and relative north.

3.6.11 It should be possible to move the position of the EBL origin away from the own ship to any desired point on the effective display area. By a fast simple operation it should be possible to move the EBL origin back to own ship's position on the screen. On the EBL, it should be possible to display a variable range marker.

3.7 Discrimination
3.7.1 Range
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications on a range scale of 1.5 nautical miles, two small similar targets at range of between 50% and 100% of the range scale, and on the same bearing, separated by not more than 40 m in range.

3.7.2 Bearing
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications two small similar targets both situated at the same range between 50% and 100% of the 1.5 nautical mile range scale, and separated by not more than 2.5° in bearing

3.8 Roll or pitch
The performance of the equipment should be such that when the ship is rolling or pitching up to ±10°. The range performance requirements of 3.1 and 3.2 continue to be met.

3.9 Antenna Scan
The scan should be clockwise, continuous and automatic through 360°of azimuth. The antenna rotation rate should be not less than 20 revolutions per minute. The equipment should start and operate satisfactorily in relative wind speeds of up to 100knots. Alternative methods of scanning are permitted provided that the performance is not inferior.

3.10 Azimuth stabilization
3.10.1 Means should be provided to enable the display to be stabilized in azimuth by a gyro-compass, or its equivalent in performance. The accuracy of alignment with the compass transmission should be within 0.5° with a compass rotation rate of 2 revolutions per minute.

3.10.2 The equipment should operate satisfactorily in the head-up unstabilized mode when the azimuth stabilization is inoperative.

3.10.3 Change over from one display mode to the other should be possible within 5 s and achieve the required bearing accuracy.

3.11 Performance monitoring
Means should be available, while the equipment is used operationally, to determine readily a significant drop in system performance relative to a calibration standard established at the time of installation. Means should be provided to check that the equipment is correctly tuned in the absence of targets.

3.12 Anti-clutter devices
3.12.1 Suitable means should be provided for the suppression of unwanted echoes from sea clutter, rain and other forms of precipitation, clouds, sandstorms and from other radars. It should be possible to adjust manually and continuously the anti-clutter controls. In addition, automatic anti-clutter controls may be provided; however, they should be capable of being switched off.

3.12.2 The operational requirement, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level. is that the equipment should, even in the presence of sea clutter, give a clear indication of a standard reflector up to 3.5 nautical miles.

3.13 Operation
3.13.1 Availability
After switching on from cold the equipment should become fully operational within 4 min. A stand-by condition should be provided from which the equipment cal be brought to an operational condition within 15 s.

3.13.2 Controls
Operational controls should be accessible and easy to identify and use. Controls should be identified and easy to operate.
The equipment should be capable of being switched on and off and operated from the master display position.
It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the fixed range rings and the variable range markers and electronic bearing lines and to remove them independently and completely from the display.

3.14 Operation with radar beacons and SARTS
3.14.1 Radar should be able to detect and display signals from radar beacons and 9 GHz radar should also be able to detect and display signals from Search and Rescue Transponder (SARTs)

3.14.2 All radars operating in the 9GHz band should be capable of operation in a horizontally polarized mode.

3.14.3 It should be possible to switch off those signal processing facilities which might prevent a radar beacon of SART from being shown on the radar display.

3.15 Display modes
3.15.1 The equipment should be capable of operation in relative and true motion.

3.15.2 The radar origin should be capable of being off-set to at least 50% and not more than 75% of the radius of the display.

3.15.3 The radar should be capable of sea and ground stabilisation. With sea of ground stabilisation the accuracy and discrimination of the display should be at least equivalent to that required by this Performance Standard.

3.15.4 Speed and Distance Measuring Equipment (SDME) Providing the ship's speed through the water to the radar should be capable of providing the speed in the fore and aft direction.

3.15.5 The ground stabilized input should be two-dimensional. It may be provided from the SDME, from an electronic position-fixing system or from radar tracked stationary targets. The speed accuracy should be in accordance with the requirements of resolution A.824(19).

3.15.6 The type of input and stabilisation in use should be displayed.

3.15.7 It should also be possible to input the ship's speed manually from 0 (zero) knots to 30 knots in steps of not more than 0.2 knots.

3.15.8 Provision should be made for manual input of set and drift.

3.16 Interference from external magnetic fields
After installation and adjustment on board, the bearing accuracy as prescribed in this performance Standard should be maintain without further adjustment irrespective of the movement of the ship in the earth's magnetic field.

3.17 Radar installation
The radar installation, including the antenna, should be in such a manner that the performance of the radar system is not substantially impaired. Guidance on installation should be given in manufacturer documentation.

3.18 Failure Warnings and Status
If there is any detectable reason why the information presented to the operator is invalid, adequate and clear warning should given to the operator.

 

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.1 Range performance
The operational requirement under normal propagation conditions, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level, is that the equipment should in the absence of clutter give a clear indication of:

.1 Coastlines

At 20 nautical miles when the ground rises to 60m.
At 7 nautical miles when the ground rises to 6m..2 Surface objects

At 7 nautical miles a ship of 5,000 gross tonnage, whatever her aspect.
At 3 nautical miles a small vessel of 10 m in length.
At 2 nautical miles an object such as a navigational buoy having an effective echoing area of approximately 10m².

 

3.2 Minimum range
The surface object specified in 3.1.2 should be clearly displayed from a minimum horizontal range of 50 m from the antenna position up to a range or 1 nautical mile, without changing the setting of controls other than the range selector.

3.3 Display
3.3.1 The equipment should provide, without external magnification, a daylight display with a minimum effective diameter with the bearing scale of not less than:

1. 180 mm on ships of 150* gross tonnage and more but less than 1,000* gross tonnage;
2. 250 mm on ships of 1,000* gross tonnage and more but less than 10,000* gross tonnage;
   and
3. 340 mm on ships of 10,000* gross tonnage and upwards.

3.3.2 The equipment should provide the following set of range scale of display: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 nautical miles.

3.3.4 The range scale displayed and the distance between range ring should be clearly indicated at all times.

3.3.5 Within the effective display radar video area, the display should only contain information which pertains the use of the radar display for navigation collision avoidance and which gas to be displayed there because of its association with a target (e.q. target identifiers, vectors) or because of some other direct relationship with the radar display.

3.3.6 The origin of the range scale (radar video) should start at own ship, be linear and should not be delayed.

3.3.7 Multi-colour displays are permitted but the following requirements should be met:

1. target echoes should be displayed by means of the same basic colours and the echo strength should not be displayed indifferent colours; and
2. additional information may be shown in different colours.

3.3.8 The radar picture and information should be readable under all ambient light conditions. If a light shield is necessary to facilitate operation of the display in high ambient light levels, then means should be provided for its ready attachment and removal.

3.3.9 Selected parts of the System Electronic Navigation Chart (SENC) information may be displayed in such a way that the radar information is not masked, obscured or degraded. If SENC information is made available for a radar display it should at least include coastlines, own ship's safety contour, dangers to navigation and fixed and floating aids to navigation. The mariner should be able to select those parts of the SENC, which can be made available and the mariner requires to be displayed.

3.3.10 For the superimposition of selected parts of the SENC:

1. Reference management
   Reference management is required to ensure that the information displayed is correlated and in the same reference and co-ordinate system;
2. Display Area
   the whole effective display area should contain the available radar and SENC information;
3. Matching and adjustment
   in case of any deviations between the chart image and the radar image through detectable causes, manual adjustment should be possible. Any manual adjustment should be clearly indicated as long as it is activated. Resetting should be possible in a simple manner;
4. priority in the display
   the display of radar information should have priority;
5. Stability
   The equipment should be capable of appropriately stabilizing the radar image, ARPA vectors and SENC information. The operating mode should be clearly indicated; and
6. Independence of Radar/ARPA and SENC
   6.1 the SENC information should not have an adverse effect on the radar picture;
   6.2 Radar/ARPA information and SENC information should be clearly recognizable as such; and
   6.3 in the case of a malfunction of one component, the function of the other component should not be affected.

3.3.11 The frequency band in use should be indicated to the operator.

3.4 Range measurement
3.4.1 Electronic fixed range rings should be provided for range measurements as follows:

1. on the range scale 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 nautical miles at least two and not more than six range rings should be provided, on each of the other mandatory range scales six range rings should be provided; and
2. where off-centred facilities have been provided, additional range rings should be provided at the same range intervals.

3.4.2 An electronic variable range marker in the form of a ring should be provided with a numeric readout of range. This readout should not display any other data. For ranges of less than 1 nautical mile, there should be only one zero before the decimal point. Additional variable range markers may be provided.

3.4.3. The fixed range rings and the variable range markers should enable the range of an object to be measured with an error not exceeding 1% of the maximum range of the scale in use, or 30m, whichever is the greater.

3.4.4 The accuracy should be maintained when the display is off-centred.

3.4.5 The thickness of the fixed range rings should not be greater than the maximum permissible.
3.4.6 On all range scales, it should be possible to set the variable maker with the required precision within 5 s in all cases. A range that is set by the user should not change automatically when the range scale is changed.

3.5 Heading indication
3.5.1 The heading of the ship should be indicated by a continuous line on the display with a maximum error of not greater than 1°. The thickness of the displayed heading line should not be greater than 0.5° measured at maximum range at the edge of the radar display. The heading line should extend from the trace origin to the edge of the display.

3.5.2 Provision should be made to switch off the heading indicator by a device which cannot be left in the "heading line off" position.

3.5.3 A heading marker should be displayed on the bearing scale.

3.6 Bearing measurement
3.6.1 An Electronic Bearing Line, (EBL), should be provided with a numeric readout of bearing to obtain with 5s the bearing of any object whose echo appears on the display.

3.6.2 The EBL should enable the bearing go a target whose echo appears at the edge of the display to the display to be measured with m maximum error of not greater than ±1°.

3.6.3 The EBL should be displayed on the screen in such a way that it is clearly distinguishable from the heading indicator.

3.6.4 It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the EBL. This variation may be separate or combined with the intensity of other markers. IT should be possible to remove the EBL completely from the screen.

3.6.5 The rotation of the EBL should be possible in both directions continuously or in steps of not more than 0.2°.

3.6.6 The numeric readout of the bearing of the EBL should be displayed with at least 4 digits, including one after the decimal point. The EBL readout should not be used to display any other data. There should be a positive identification of whether the bearing indicated is a relative bearing or a true bearing.

3.6.7 A bearing scale around the edge of the display should be provided. Linear or non-linear bearing scale may be provided.

3.6.8 The bearing scale should have division marks for at least each 5°, with the 5° and 10° divisions clearly distinguishable from each other. Numbers should clearly identify at least each 30° division.

3.6.9 It should be possible to measure the bearing relative to the heading line and relative north.

3.6.11 It should be possible to move the position of the EBL origin away from the own ship to any desired point on the effective display area. By a fast simple operation it should be possible to move the EBL origin back to own ship's position on the screen. On the EBL, it should be possible to display a variable range marker.

3.7 Discrimination
3.7.1 Range
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications on a range scale of 1.5 nautical miles, two small similar targets at range of between 50% and 100% of the range scale, and on the same bearing, separated by not more than 40 m in range.

3.7.2 Bearing
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications two small similar targets both situated at the same range between 50% and 100% of the 1.5 nautical mile range scale, and separated by not more than 2.5° in bearing

3.8 Roll or pitch
The performance of the equipment should be such that when the ship is rolling or pitching up to ±10°. The range performance requirements of 3.1 and 3.2 continue to be met.

3.9 Antenna Scan
The scan should be clockwise, continuous and automatic through 360°of azimuth. The antenna rotation rate should be not less than 20 revolutions per minute. The equipment should start and operate satisfactorily in relative wind speeds of up to 100knots. Alternative methods of scanning are permitted provided that the performance is not inferior.

3.10 Azimuth stabilization
3.10.1 Means should be provided to enable the display to be stabilized in azimuth by a gyro-compass, or its equivalent in performance. The accuracy of alignment with the compass transmission should be within 0.5° with a compass rotation rate of 2 revolutions per minute.

3.10.2 The equipment should operate satisfactorily in the head-up unstabilized mode when the azimuth stabilization is inoperative.

3.10.3 Change over from one display mode to the other should be possible within 5 s and achieve the required bearing accuracy.

3.11 Performance monitoring
Means should be available, while the equipment is used operationally, to determine readily a significant drop in system performance relative to a calibration standard established at the time of installation. Means should be provided to check that the equipment is correctly tuned in the absence of targets.

3.12 Anti-clutter devices
3.12.1 Suitable means should be provided for the suppression of unwanted echoes from sea clutter, rain and other forms of precipitation, clouds, sandstorms and from other radars. It should be possible to adjust manually and continuously the anti-clutter controls. In addition, automatic anti-clutter controls may be provided; however, they should be capable of being switched off.

3.12.2 The operational requirement, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level. is that the equipment should, even in the presence of sea clutter, give a clear indication of a standard reflector up to 3.5 nautical miles.

3.13 Operation
3.13.1 Availability
After switching on from cold the equipment should become fully operational within 4 min. A stand-by condition should be provided from which the equipment cal be brought to an operational condition within 15 s.

3.13.2 Controls
Operational controls should be accessible and easy to identify and use. Controls should be identified and easy to operate.
The equipment should be capable of being switched on and off and operated from the master display position.
It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the fixed range rings and the variable range markers and electronic bearing lines and to remove them independently and completely from the display.

3.14 Operation with radar beacons and SARTS
3.14.1 Radar should be able to detect and display signals from radar beacons and 9 GHz radar should also be able to detect and display signals from Search and Rescue Transponder (SARTs)

3.14.2 All radars operating in the 9GHz band should be capable of operation in a horizontally polarized mode.

3.14.3 It should be possible to switch off those signal processing facilities which might prevent a radar beacon of SART from being shown on the radar display.

3.15 Display modes
3.15.1 The equipment should be capable of operation in relative and true motion.

3.15.2 The radar origin should be capable of being off-set to at least 50% and not more than 75% of the radius of the display.

3.15.3 The radar should be capable of sea and ground stabilisation. With sea of ground stabilisation the accuracy and discrimination of the display should be at least equivalent to that required by this Performance Standard.

3.15.4 Speed and Distance Measuring Equipment (SDME) Providing the ship's speed through the water to the radar should be capable of providing the speed in the fore and aft direction.

3.15.5 The ground stabilized input should be two-dimensional. It may be provided from the SDME, from an electronic position-fixing system or from radar tracked stationary targets. The speed accuracy should be in accordance with the requirements of resolution A.824(19).

3.15.6 The type of input and stabilisation in use should be displayed.

3.15.7 It should also be possible to input the ship's speed manually from 0 (zero) knots to 30 knots in steps of not more than 0.2 knots.

3.15.8 Provision should be made for manual input of set and drift.

3.16 Interference from external magnetic fields
After installation and adjustment on board, the bearing accuracy as prescribed in this performance Standard should be maintain without further adjustment irrespective of the movement of the ship in the earth's magnetic field.

3.17 Radar installation
The radar installation, including the antenna, should be in such a manner that the performance of the radar system is not substantially impaired. Guidance on installation should be given in manufacturer documentation.

3.18 Failure Warnings and Status
If there is any detectable reason why the information presented to the operator is invalid, adequate and clear warning should given to the operator.

 

3.1 Range performance

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The operational requirement under normal propagation conditions, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level, is that the equipment should in the absence of clutter give a clear indication of:

.1 Coastlines

At 20 nautical miles when the ground rises to 60m.
At 7 nautical miles when the ground rises to 6m..2 Surface objects

At 7 nautical miles a ship of 5,000 gross tonnage, whatever her aspect.
At 3 nautical miles a small vessel of 10 m in length.
At 2 nautical miles an object such as a navigational buoy having an effective echoing area of approximately 10m².

3.10 Azimuth stabilization

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3.10.1 Means should be provided to enable the display to be stabilized in azimuth by a gyro-compass, or its equivalent in performance. The accuracy of alignment with the compass transmission should be within 0.5° with a compass rotation rate of 2 revolutions per minute.

3.10.2 The equipment should operate satisfactorily in the head-up unstabilized mode when the azimuth stabilization is inoperative.

3.10.3 Change over from one display mode to the other should be possible within 5 s and achieve the required bearing accuracy.

3.11 Performance monitoring

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

Means should be available, while the equipment is used operationally, to determine readily a significant drop in system performance relative to a calibration standard established at the time of installation. Means should be provided to check that the equipment is correctly tuned in the absence of targets.

3.12 Anti-clutter devices

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.12.1 Suitable means should be provided for the suppression of unwanted echoes from sea clutter, rain and other forms of precipitation, clouds, sandstorms and from other radars. It should be possible to adjust manually and continuously the anti-clutter controls. In addition, automatic anti-clutter controls may be provided; however, they should be capable of being switched off.

3.12.2 The operational requirement, when the radar antenna is mounted at a height of 15 m above sea level. is that the equipment should, even in the presence of sea clutter, give a clear indication of a standard reflector up to 3.5 nautical miles.

3.13 Operation

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3.13 Operation
3.13.1 Availability
After switching on from cold the equipment should become fully operational within 4 min. A stand-by condition should be provided from which the equipment cal be brought to an operational condition within 15 s.

3.13.2 Controls
Operational controls should be accessible and easy to identify and use. Controls should be identified and easy to operate.
The equipment should be capable of being switched on and off and operated from the master display position.
It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the fixed range rings and the variable range markers and electronic bearing lines and to remove them independently and completely from the display.

 

3.14 Operation with radar beacons ans SARTS

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3.14.1 Radar should be able to detect and display signals from radar beacons and 9 GHz radar should also be able to detect and display signals from Search and Rescue Transponder (SARTs)

3.14.2 All radars operating in the 9GHz band should be capable of operation in a horizontally polarized mode.

3.14.3 It should be possible to switch off those signal processing facilities which might prevent a radar beacon of SART from being shown on the radar display.

 

3.15 Display modes

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3.15.1 The equipment should be capable of operation in relative and true motion.

3.15.2 The radar origin should be capable of being off-set to at least 50% and not more than 75% of the radius of the display.

3.15.3 The radar should be capable of sea and ground stabilisation. With sea of ground stabilisation the accuracy and discrimination of the display should be at least equivalent to that required by this Performance Standard.

3.15.4 Speed and Distance Measuring Equipment (SDME) Providing the ship's speed through the water to the radar should be capable of providing the speed in the fore and aft direction.

3.15.5 The ground stabilized input should be two-dimensional. It may be provided from the SDME, from an electronic position-fixing system or from radar tracked stationary targets. The speed accuracy should be in accordance with the requirements of resolution A.824(19).

3.15.6 The type of input and stabilisation in use should be displayed.

3.15.7 It should also be possible to input the ship's speed manually from 0 (zero) knots to 30 knots in steps of not more than 0.2 knots.

3.15.8 Provision should be made for manual input of set and drift.

3.16 Interference form external magnetic fields

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

.16 Interference from external magnetic fields
After installation and adjustment on board, the bearing accuracy as prescribed in this performance Standard should be maintain without further adjustment irrespective of the movement of the ship in the earth's magnetic field.

3.17 Radar installation

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The radar installation, including the antenna, should be in such a manner that the performance of the radar system is not substantially impaired. Guidance on installation should be given in manufacturer documentation.

 

3.18 Failure Warning and Status

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If there is any detectable reason why the information presented to the operator is invalid, adequate and clear warning should given to the operator.

 

3.2 Minimum range

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

 

 

The surface object specified in 3.1.2 should be clearly displayed from a minimum horizontal range of 50 m from the antenna position up to a range or 1 nautical mile, without changing the setting of controls other than the range selector.

 

3.3 Display

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.3.1 The equipment should provide, without external magnification, a daylight display with a minimum effective diameter with the bearing scale of not less than:

1. 180 mm on ships of 150* gross tonnage and more but less than 1,000* gross tonnage;
2. 250 mm on ships of 1,000* gross tonnage and more but less than 10,000* gross tonnage;
   and
3. 340 mm on ships of 10,000* gross tonnage and upwards.

3.3.2 The equipment should provide the following set of range scale of display: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 nautical miles.

3.3.4 The range scale displayed and the distance between range ring should be clearly indicated at all times.

3.3.5 Within the effective display radar video area, the display should only contain information which pertains the use of the radar display for navigation collision avoidance and which gas to be displayed there because of its association with a target (e.q. target identifiers, vectors) or because of some other direct relationship with the radar display.

3.3.6 The origin of the range scale (radar video) should start at own ship, be linear and should not be delayed.

3.3.7 Multi-colour displays are permitted but the following requirements should be met:

1. target echoes should be displayed by means of the same basic colours and the echo strength should not be displayed indifferent colours; and
2. additional information may be shown in different colours.

3.3.8 The radar picture and information should be readable under all ambient light conditions. If a light shield is necessary to facilitate operation of the display in high ambient light levels, then means should be provided for its ready attachment and removal.

3.3.9 Selected parts of the System Electronic Navigation Chart (SENC) information may be displayed in such a way that the radar information is not masked, obscured or degraded. If SENC information is made available for a radar display it should at least include coastlines, own ship's safety contour, dangers to navigation and fixed and floating aids to navigation. The mariner should be able to select those parts of the SENC, which can be made available and the mariner requires to be displayed.

3.3.10 For the superimposition of selected parts of the SENC:

1. Reference management
   Reference management is required to ensure that the information displayed is correlated and in the same reference and co-ordinate system;
2. Display Area
   the whole effective display area should contain the available radar and SENC information;
3. Matching and adjustment
   in case of any deviations between the chart image and the radar image through detectable causes, manual adjustment should be possible. Any manual adjustment should be clearly indicated as long as it is activated. Resetting should be possible in a simple manner;
4. priority in the display
   the display of radar information should have priority;
5. Stability
   The equipment should be capable of appropriately stabilizing the radar image, ARPA vectors and SENC information. The operating mode should be clearly indicated; and
6. Independence of Radar/ARPA and SENC
   6.1 the SENC information should not have an adverse effect on the radar picture;
   6.2 Radar/ARPA information and SENC information should be clearly recognizable as such; and
   6.3 in the case of a malfunction of one component, the function of the other component should not be affected.

3.3.11 The frequency band in use should be indicated to the operator.

3.4 Range measurement

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

 

3.4.1 Electronic fixed range rings should be provided for range measurements as follows:

1. on the range scale 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 nautical miles at least two and not more than six range rings should be provided, on each of the other mandatory range scales six range rings should be provided; and
2. where off-centred facilities have been provided, additional range rings should be provided at the same range intervals.

3.4.2 An electronic variable range marker in the form of a ring should be provided with a numeric readout of range. This readout should not display any other data. For ranges of less than 1 nautical mile, there should be only one zero before the decimal point. Additional variable range markers may be provided.

3.4.3. The fixed range rings and the variable range markers should enable the range of an object to be measured with an error not exceeding 1% of the maximum range of the scale in use, or 30m, whichever is the greater.

3.4.4 The accuracy should be maintained when the display is off-centred.

3.4.5 The thickness of the fixed range rings should not be greater than the maximum permissible.

3.4.6 On all range scales, it should be possible to set the variable maker with the required precision within 5 s in all cases. A range that is set by the user should not change automatically when the range scale is changed.

 

3.5 Heading indication

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.5.1 The heading of the ship should be indicated by a continuous line on the display with a maximum error of not greater than 1°. The thickness of the displayed heading line should not be greater than 0.5° measured at maximum range at the edge of the radar display. The heading line should extend from the trace origin to the edge of the display.

3.5.2 Provision should be made to switch off the heading indicator by a device which cannot be left in the "heading line off" position.

3.5.3 A heading marker should be displayed on the bearing scale.

3.6 Bearing measurement

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3.6.1 An Electronic Bearing Line, (EBL), should be provided with a numeric readout of bearing to obtain with 5s the bearing of any object whose echo appears on the display.

3.6.2 The EBL should enable the bearing go a target whose echo appears at the edge of the display to the display to be measured with m maximum error of not greater than ±1°.

3.6.3 The EBL should be displayed on the screen in such a way that it is clearly distinguishable from the heading indicator.

3.6.4 It should be possible to vary the brilliance of the EBL. This variation may be separate or combined with the intensity of other markers. IT should be possible to remove the EBL completely from the screen.

3.6.5 The rotation of the EBL should be possible in both directions continuously or in steps of not more than 0.2°.

3.6.6 The numeric readout of the bearing of the EBL should be displayed with at least 4 digits, including one after the decimal point. The EBL readout should not be used to display any other data. There should be a positive identification of whether the bearing indicated is a relative bearing or a true bearing.

3.6.7 A bearing scale around the edge of the display should be provided. Linear or non-linear bearing scale may be provided.

3.6.8 The bearing scale should have division marks for at least each 5°, with the 5° and 10° divisions clearly distinguishable from each other. Numbers should clearly identify at least each 30° division.

3.6.9 It should be possible to measure the bearing relative to the heading line and relative north.

3.6.11 It should be possible to move the position of the EBL origin away from the own ship to any desired point on the effective display area. By a fast simple operation it should be possible to move the EBL origin back to own ship's position on the screen. On the EBL, it should be possible to display a variable range marker.

3.7 Discrimination

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.7 Discrimination
3.7.1 Range
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications on a range scale of 1.5 nautical miles, two small similar targets at range of between 50% and 100% of the range scale, and on the same bearing, separated by not more than 40 m in range.

3.7.2 Bearing
The equipment should be capable of displaying as separate indications two small similar targets both situated at the same range between 50% and 100% of the 1.5 nautical mile range scale, and separated by not more than 2.5° in bearing

 

3.8 Roll or pitch

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The performance of the equipment should be such that when the ship is rolling or pitching up to ±10°. The range performance requirements of 3.1 and 3.2 continue to be met.

 

3.9 Antenna scan

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

The scan should be clockwise, continuous and automatic through 360°of azimuth. The antenna rotation rate should be not less than 20 revolutions per minute. The equipment should start and operate satisfactorily in relative wind speeds of up to 100knots. Alternative methods of scanning are permitted provided that the performance is not inferior.

4 Multiple radar installations

4.1 Where two radars are required to be carried they should be so installed that each radar can be operated individually and both can be operated simultaneously without being dependent upon one another. When an emergency source of electrical power is provided in accordance with the appropriate requirements of Chapter II-1 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, both radars should be capable of being operated from this source.

4.2 Where two radars are fitted, interswitching facilities may be provided to improve the flexibility and availability of the overall radar installation. They should be so installed that failure of either radar would not cause the supply of electrical energy to the other radar to be interrupted or adversely affected.

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

4.1 Where two radars are required to be carried they should be so installed that each radar can be operated individually and both can be operated simultaneously without being dependant upon one another. When an emergency source of electrical power is provided in accordance with the appropriate requirements of chapter II-1 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, both radars should be capable of being operated from this source.

4.2 Where two radars are fitted, interswitching facilities may be provided to improve the flexibility and availability of the overall radar installation. They should be so installed that failure of either radar would not cause the other radar to be adversely affected.

5 Interface

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

5.1 The radar system should be capable of receiving information from equipment such as gyro-compass, speed and distance measurement equipment (SDME) and electronic position-fixing systems(EPFS) in accordance with international standards.1 The source of received information should be capable of being displayed.

5.2 The radar should provide an indication when any input from an external sensor is absent. The radar should also repeat any alarms or status messages concerning the quality of the input data from it's external sensors.

5.3 If any radar outputs are provided they should be in accordance with international standards.1

6 Navigational information

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

The radar display should be capable of presenting in graphical form, positions, navigational lines and maps, in addition to the radar information. It should be possible to adjust these points, lines and maps relative to a geographical reference. The source of the graphical information and the method of geographical referencing should be clearly indicated.

7 Plotting

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Plotting facilities should be provided with the radar as follows:

7.1 Ships which are fitted with an electronic plotting aid should be fitted with an “electronic plotting aid" for manual direct plotting as defined in Appendix 2.

7.2 Ships which are fitted with an Auto Tracking Aid should be fitted with an "Auto Tracking Aid" as defined in Appendix 1.

7.3 Ships which are fitted with an Automatic Radar Plotting Aid should be fitted with ARPA with a minimum effective diameter of 250mm as defined in resolution A.823(19) The second radar should be fitted with at least an "Auto Tracking Aid".

7.4 Ships of 10,000 gross tonnage and more should be fitted with ARPAs with a minimum effective diameter of 340mm as defined in resolution A.823(19).

7.5 It should be possible to display the trail of radar echoes of targets in the form of synthetic afterglow. The trails may be either relative or true. The true trails may be sea or ground stabilised.
The trail should be distinguishable from the targets.

8 Ergonomics

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8.1 The following functions should be directly accessible and immediately effected:

-	On-/off-switch	-	Gain
-	Monitor brilliance	-	Presentation made
-	Tuning (if manual)	-	Anticlutter sea
-	Range selection	-	Variable range marker
-	Anticlutter rain	-	Maker (cursor)
-	Electronic bearing line
-	Dimmer for panel illumination

 

8.2 The following functions should be continuously variable or in small, quasi-analogue steps:

-	Monitor brilliance	-	Anticlutter sea
-	Tuning (if manual)	-	Variable range marker
-	Anticlutter rain	-	Maker (cursor)
-	Electronic bearing line
-	Gain

 

8.3 The settings of the following functions should be readable in all light condition:

-	Dimmer for panel illumination	-	Tuning (if manual)
-	Gain	-	Anticlutter rain
-	Anticlutter sea
-	Monitor brilliance

 

8.4 for the following functions additional automatic adjustment may be provided. The use of the automatic mode be indicated to the operator and be capable of being switched off:

-	Monitor brilliance	-	Gain
-	Anticlutter rain	-	Anticlutter sea

 

8.5 If discrete controls are available for the EBL and VRM they should be situated on the left and right hand side respectively.

Appendix 1 Performance standards for "Auto Tracking"

 

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

 

1 Introduction

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"Auto tracking" should, in order to improve the standard of collision avoidance at sea:

1. reduce the workload of observers by enabling them to obtain information about automatically plotted targets so that they can perform

2 Difinitions

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Definitions of terms used in these performance standards are given in annex 1 to this appendix.

3 Performance standards

 

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

 

3.1 Detection

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3.1 Detection
3.1.1 Where separate facility is provided for detection of targets, other than by the radar observer, it should have a performance not inferior th that which could be obtained by the use of the radar display.

3.10 Sea and ground stabilisation

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3.10.1 Log and speed indicators providing inputs to "auto tracking" equipment should be capable of providing the ship's speed through the water in the fore and aft direction.

3.10.2 If a ground stabilised input is also available from the log, from an electronic position-fixing system or from tracked stationary targets then the type of input in use should be displayed.

3.11 Equipment connected to "Auto Tracking"

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3.11.1 Speed and course measuring equipment should be connected to the "auto tracking".

3.11.2 The speed input should provide speed through the water and may, in addition, provide speed over ground.

3.11.3 The type of measuring equipment in use should be indicated on the display.

3.2 Acquisition

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3.2 Acquisition
3.2.1 There should be a facility to provide for manual acquisition and cancellation for relative speeds up to 100knots.

3.2.2 Manual acquisition should have a performance not inferior to that which could be obtained by the user of the radar display.

3.3 Tracking

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.3 Tracking
3.3.1 The "auto tracking" should be able to automatically track, process, simultaneously display and continuously update the information on at least 10 targets.

3.3.2 The "auto tracking" should continue to track an acquired target which is clearly distinguishable on the display for 5 out of 10 consecutive scans, provided the target is not subject to target swop.

3.3.3 The possibility of tracking errors, including target swop, should be minimised by "auto tracking" design. A qualitative description of the effects of error source on the automatic tracking and corresponding error should be provided to the user, including the effects of low signal-to-noise and low signal-to-slutter rations caused by sea returns, rain, snow low clouds and non-synchronous emissions.

3.4 Display

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.4 Display
3.4.1 The display may be a separate or integral part of the ship's radar. However the "auto tracking" display should include all the data required to be provided by a radar display in accordance with the performance standards for navigational radar equipment.

3.4.2 The design should be such that any malfunction of "auto tracking" parts producing data additional to information to be produced by the performance standards for navigational equipment should not affect the integrity of the basic radar presentation.

3.4.3 The "auto tracking" facilities should be available on at least the 3,6 and 12 nautical mile range scales, and there could be a positive indication of the range scale in use.

3.4.4 "Auto tracking" facilities may also be provided on other range scales.

3.4.5 The "auto tracking" should be capable of operating with a relative motion display with "north-up" and course-up" azimuth stabilization. In addition, the "auto tracking" may also provide for a true motion display. If true motion is provided, the operator should be able to select for his display either true or relative motion. There should be a positive indication of the display mode and orientation.

3.4.6 The course and speed information generated by the "auto tracking" for acquired targets should be displayed in a vector or graphic form which clearly indicates the target's predicted motion with relevant symbols. In this regard:

1. "auto tracking" presenting predicted information in vector form only should have the option
   of both true and relative vectors. there should be an indication of the vector mode selected,
   and if "true" is selected there should be a display of whether it is stabilized with reference to
   sea or ground;
2. an "auto tracking" which is capable of presenting target course and speed information in
   graphic form should also, on request, provide the target's true and/or relative vector;
3. vectors displayed should be time adjustable;
4. a positive indication of the time-scale of vector in use should be given; and
5. if stationary targets are being used for ground referencing then this should be indicated with
   the relevant symbol1. In this mode, relative vectors including those of the targets used for
   ground referencing should be displayed when requested.

3.4.7 The "auto tracking" information should not obscure the visibility of radar targets. The display of "auto tracking" data should be under the control of the radar observer. It should be possible to cancel the display of unwanted "auto tracking" data within 3s .

3.4.8 Means should be provided to adjust independently the brilliance of the "auto tracking" data and radar data, including complete extinction of the "auto tracking" data.

3.4.9 The method of presentation should ensure that the "auto tracking" data are clearly visible in general to more than one observer in the conditions of light normally experienced on the bridge of a ship by day and by night. Screening may be provided to shade the display from sunlight but not to the extent that it will impair the observer's ability to maintain a proper look-out. Facilities to adjust the brightness should be provided.

3.4.10 Provisions should be made to obtain quickly the range and bearing of any object which appears on the "auto tracking" display.

3.4.11 The "auto tracking" should present in a period of not more than 1 min an indication of the target's motion trend and display with 3 min the target's predicted motion in accordance with paragraphs 3.4.6, 3.6, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3 of this Appendix.

3.4.12 After changing range scales on which the "auto tracking" facilities are available or resetting the display, full plotting information should be displayed within a period of time not exceeding one scan.

3.5 Operational warnings

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.5 Operational warnings
3.5.1 The "auto tracking" should have the capability to warn the observer with a visual and audible signal of any distinguishable target which closes to a range or transit a Zone chosen by the observer. The target causing the warning should be clearly indicated with the relevant symbols3 on the display.

3.5.2 The "auto tracking" should have the capability to warn the observer with a visual and audible signal of any tracked target which is predicted to close within a minimum range and time chosen by the observer. the target causing the warning should be clearly indicated with the relevant symbols3 on the display.

3.5.3 The "auto tracking" should clearly indicate if a tracked target is lost, other than out of range, and the target's last tracked position should be clearly indicated on the display.

3.5.4 It should be possible for the observer to activate or de-activate the audible warning capability.

3.6 Data requierements

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3.6 Data requirements
3.6.1 The observer should be able to select any tracked target to obtain data. Target selected should be marked with the relevant symbol on the radar display3. If data is required for more than one target at the same time each symbol shall be separately identified, for example with a number adjacent to the symbol.

3.6.2 The following data for each selected target should be clearly and unambiguously identified and displayed immediately and simultaneously in alpha-numeric form outside the radar area:

1. present range of the target;
2. present bearing of the target;
3. predicted target at the closet point of approach(CPA);
4. predicted time to CPA(TCPA);
5. calculated true course of the target; and
6. calculated true speed of the target.

3.6.3 The display of 3.6.2, items 5 and 6 should include an identification of whether the data uses sea or ground reference.

3.6.4 When data for several targets is displayed, not less than two items should be displayed simultaneously for each target selected. If the items of data are displayed in pairs for each target the groupings should be: 3.6.2 items 1 with 2, 3 with 4; and, 5 with 6.

3.7 Accuracy

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

3.7.1 The "auto tracking" should provide accuracies not less than those given in paragraphs 3.7.2 and 3.7.3 for the four scenarios defined in annex 2 to this appendix. With the sensor errors specified in annex 3 to this appendix, the values given relate to the best possible manual plotting performance under environmental conditions of ± 10° of roll.

3.7.2 The "auto tracking" should present within 1 min of steady state tracking the relative motion trend of a target with the following accuracy values (95% probability values).

Data / Scenario	Relative course (degrees)	Relative speed (knots)	CPA (nautical miles)
1	11	2.8	1.6
2	7	0.6
3	14	2.2	1.8
4	15	1.5	2.0

 

Note: In steady state tracking both own and target ship follow straight line course constant speed.
Note 2 : Probability values are the same as confidence levels.3.7.3 The "auto tracking" should present within three minutes of steady state tracking the motion of a target with the following accuracy values (95% probability values).

 

Data / Scenario	Relative course degrees)	Relative speed (knots)	CPA (nautical miles)	TCPA(min)	True course (degrees)	True speed (knots)
1	3.0	0.8	0.5	1.0	7.4	1.2
2	2.3	0.3			2.8	0.8
3	4.4	0.9	0.7	1.0	3.3	1.0
4	4.6	0.8	0.7	1.0	2.6	1.2

3.7.4 When a tracked target, or own ship, has completed a manoeuvre, the system should present in a period of not more than one minute an indication of the target's motion trend and display within 3 min the target predicted motion, in accordance with paragraphs 3.4.6, 3.6, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3 of this Appendix. In this context, a "manoeuvre of own ship shall be deemed to consist of an alteration of course ± 45° in 1 min.

3.7.5 The "auto tracking" should be designed in such a manner that under the most favourable
conditions of own ship motion the error contribution from the "auto tracking" should remain insignificant compared to the errors associated with the input sensor, for the scenarios of annex2 to this appendix.

3.8 Connections with other equipment

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3.8.1 The "auto tracking" should not degrade the performance of any equipment providing sensor inputs. The connection of the "auto tracking" to any other equipment should not degrade the performance of that equipment. This requirement should be met whether the 'auto tracking' is operating or not. Additionally the "auto tracking" should be designed to comply with this requirement under fault conditions as far as is practicable.

3.9 Performance testt and warnings

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3.9.1 The "auto tracking" should provide suitable warnings of "auto tracking" malfunction to enable the observer to monitor the proper operation of the system. Additionally, test programmes should be available so that the overall performance of "auto tracking" can be assessed periodically against a known solution. When a test programme is being executed the relevant test symbols³ should be displayed.

Annex 2 Operational scenarios

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

Scenario 1
Own ship course		000 °
Own ship speed		10 knots
Target range		8 nautical miles
Bearing of target		000 °
Relative course of target		180 °
Relative speed of target		20 knots

Scenario 2
Own ship course		000 °
Own ship speed		10 knots
Target range		1 nautical mile
Bearing of target		000 °
Relative course of target		090 °
Relative speed of target		10 knots

Scenario 3
Own ship course		000 °
Own ship speed		5 knots
Target range		8 nautical miles
Bearing of target		045 °
Relative course of target		225 °
Relative speed of target		20 knots

 

Scenario 4
Own ship course		000 °
Own ship speed		25 knots
Target range		8 nautical miles
Bearing of target		045 °
Relative course of target		225 °
Relative speed of target		20 knots

Annex 3 Sensor errors

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

The accuracy figures quoted in paragraph 3.7 of the Appendix are based upon the following sensor errors and are appropriate to equipment complying with the performance standards for ship borne navigational equipment.

 

Note: means "standard deviation".

 

Radar

Target glint (scintillation) (for 200 m length target)
Along length of target = 30 m (normal distribution)
Across beam of target = 1 m (normal distribution)

Roll-pitch bearing: The bearing error will peak in each of the four quadrants around own ship for targets on relative bearings of 045°, 135°, 225° and 315°, and will be zero at relative bearings of 000°, 090°, 180° and 270°.

This error has a sinusoidal variation at twice the roll frequency.

For a 10° roll the mean error is 0.22° with a 0.22° peak sine wave superimposed.

Beam shape - assumed normal distribution giving bearing error with = 0.05°.

Pulse sharp - assumed normal distribution giving range error with = 20 m.

Antenna backlash - assumed rectangular distribution giving bearing error ± 0.05° maximum.

Quantization
Bearing - rectangular distribution ± 0.1° maximum.
Range - rectangular distribution ± 0.01 nautical miles maximum.

Bearing encoder assumed to be running from a remote synchro giving bearing errors with a normal distribution = 0.03°.

Gyro-compass
Calibration error 0.5°.
Normal distribution about this with = 0.12°.

Log
Calibration error 0.5 knots.
Normal distribution about this, 3= 0.2 knots.

Annex1 Definitions of terms

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS TO BE USED IN CONNECTION WITH
"AUTO TRACKING" AND RADAR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Target: Any object fixed or moving whose position and motion is determined by measurements of range and bearing on radar.

Relative course:	-	The direction of motion of a target relative to own ship's position expressed as an angular displacement from north. It is deduced from a number of measurements of target range and bearing on own ship's radar.
Relative speed:	-	The speed of a target relative to own ship's position. It is deduced from a number ofmeasurements of target range and bearing on own ship's radar.
Relative Motion:	-	The combination of relative course and relative speed.
True Course:	-	The true direction of motion of a target expressed as an angular displacement from north. It is obtained by a vector combination of target relative motion and own ship's true motion. *
True Speed:	-	The speed of a target obtained by a vector combination of target relative motion and own ship's true motion.*
True Motion:	-	The combination of true course and true speed.
True Bearing:	-	The direction of a target from own ship or from another target expressed as an angular displacement from north.
Relative Bearing:	-	The direction of a target from own ship expressed as an angular displacement from own ship's heading.
True Motion Display:	-	A display across which own ship and each target moves with its own true motion.
Relative Motion Display:	-	A display on which the position of own ship remains fixed and all targets move relative to own ship.
Azimuth Stabilised Display:	-	A display on which the azimuth orientation relative to a nominated true bearing is fixed.
North-up Display:	-	An azimuth stabilised display in which a line connecting the centre with the top of the display is north true bearing.
Course-up Display:	-	An azimuth stabilised display in which a line connecting the centre with the top or the display is own ship's intended course.
Heading:	-	The direction in which the bows of a ship are pointing expressed as an angular displacement from north.
Target's Predicted Motion:	-	A prediction of future target motion based on linear extrapolation from its present motion as determined by past measurements of its range and bearing on the radar.
Relative Vector:	-	The predicted movement of a target relative to own ship.
True Vector:	-	The predicted True Motion of a target as a result of own ship's direction and speed input. The True Vector may be either displayed with reference to the sea or to the ground.
Acquisition:	-	The process of selecting a target or targets in order to initiate their tracking.
Tracking:	-	The computer process of observing the sequential changes in the position of a target in order to establish its motion.
Target Swop:	-	A situation in which the incoming radar data for a tracked target becomes incorrectly associated with another tracked target or a radar echo.
Echo Reference:	-	A facility for indicating that a particular fixed Navigational Mark which is being tracked is to be used as a Ground Stabilised reference.
CPA/TCPA:	-	Closest Point of Approach and Time to Closest Point of Approach limit as defined by the observer to give warning when a tracked target or targets will close to within these limits from own ship.
Bad Echo:	-	The name associated with a tracked target which appears to have been temporarily lost or which has a poorly defined radar aspect, in so much that, the target does not have tracking ability.
Lost Target:	-	The name associated with a target that is no longer being tracked having become lost or obscured.
Sea Stabilization:	-	A mode of display whereby own ship and all targets are referenced to the sea, using gyro heading and single a.,'{is Log Water speed inputs. This display is ideal for both Collision Avoidance and Navigational purposes.
Ground Stabilization:	-	A mode of display whereby own ship and all targets are referred to the Ground using Ground Track or Set and Drift inputs. This display is ideal for Navigational purposes. However it should be used with extreme caution when assessing close quarter situations with other targets.

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^*  For the purposes of these definitions there is no need to distinguish between sea and ground stabilisation.

Note: Where reference is made to target range, bearing, relative course, relative speed, closest point of approach (CPA) or time to closest point of approach (TCPA), these measurements are made with respect to the Radar Antenna.

 

Appendix 2 Electronic plotting aids

Ingangsdatum: 01-01-1999

1 Introduction
The electronic plotting aid for manual direct plotting is intended for small ships fitted with either a gyro compass or transmitting marine electromagnetic compass¹. The plotting aid is not suitable for ships classed as high speed craft.

2 Performance standards
2.1 The electronic plotting aid should provide a means to plot a minimum of 10 targets on a radar display.

2.2 It should be possible to plot targets on the 3, 6 and 12 nautical mile range scales. The facility may be provided on additional range scales. Plots should be maintained when switching between range scales.

2.3 It should be possible to plot targets with a relative speed up to 75 knots.

2.4 It should be possible for the operator to adjust the CPA/TCPA limits and the vector time. 2.5 Plot positions should be identified by an approved symbol and an associated plot number. It should be possible to switch off the plot number.

2.6 The minimum lapsed time between any two plots should be greater than 30 s.

2.7 After the second plot, a vector should be displayed on the target. It should be possible to select a true or relative vector. There should be a positive indication of vector mode.

2.8 The vector origin should move across the screen at a rate and direction defined by the calculated true course and speed.

2.9 It should be possible to correct the position of a plot.

2.10 It should be possible, on demand, to display the following data on a selected target:

1. plot number: time since last plot (min)
2. present range of the target
3. present bearing of the target
4. predicted target range at the closest point of approach (CPA)
5. predicted time to CPA (TCPA)
6. calculated true course of target
7. calculated true speed of target

The selected plot should be clearly identified with an approved symbol and the plot data should be displayed outside of the screen radar area.

2.11 There should be an indication of any plot that is not updated for 10 min. The plot should be dropped if the time between consecutive plots exceeds 15 min.

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¹ISO 11606 Publication.

• Informatietype: Internationaal
• Documentsoort: Resolutie
• Toegangsrechten: Intern
• Identificatie: PUC_2430_14
• Versie: 2
• Datum beschikbaarheid: 20-03-2009
• Geldigheid van: 01-01-1999
• tot en met: 01-07-2008
• Wijzigingsdatum: 07-07-2023
• Titel: 477(XII) Performance standards for radar equipment (MSC.64(67))
• Organisatie: International Maritime Organization (IMO)
• Taal: Nederlands
• Onderwerp: Veiligheid / Safety
• Hoofdtaak: Koopvaardij / Merchant Shipping
• Thema: Zeevaart / Seagoing ships / Mandatory Regulations / IMO Instruments (Mandatory) / Resolutions (Mandatory) / Assembly Resolutions (Mandatory) / A./Res. 300 until 499